TP 

6  30 


IC-NRLF 


31   It. 7 


REFINING  INDUSTRY 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


WITH 


List  of  Refineries,  Capacity  and  Investment 


and  the 


Oil  Jobbers  of  America 


By  H.  G.  JAMES 
PRICE  $1.00 

Copyrighted  1916  by  the  Derrick  Publishing  Company 


1916 

THE  DERRICK  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
OIL  CITY,  PENN'A. 


REFINING  INDUSTRY 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES 


WITH 

List  of  Refineries,  Capacity  and  Investment 

and  the 

Oil  Jobbers  of  America 


By  H.  G.  JAMES 


Copyrighted  1916  by  the  Derrick  Publishing  Company 


1916 

THE  DERRICK  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
OIL  CITY.  PENN'A. 


FOREWORD. 


The  demand  for  the  article  on  the  refineries  of  the 
United  States  has  been  so  great,  that  The  Derrick  Pub- 
lishing Company  presents  it  in  pamphlet  form. 

It  is  the  first  attempt  to  gather  a  list  of  the  refineries 
of  the  United  States,  with  their  location  and  capacity. 
There  are  doubtless  some  inaccuracies  in  the  list,  but  since 
the  article  was  published  in  the  Daily  Derrick,  those  to 
which  the  Derrick's  attention  was  called  have  been  cor- 
rected. That  the  refining  companies  found  so  few,  would 
indicate  the  care  with  which  the  information  was  ob- 
tained. 

The  kaleidoscopic  character  of  the  business  is  forci- 
bly illustrated  by  the  fact  that  most  of  the  corrections 
came  from  the  completion  of  new  refineries,  and  the  ad- 
dition to  the  capacity  of  others.  These  give  an  added 
refinery  capacity  of  approximately  20,000  barrels  of 
crude  daily,  more  than  when  the  publication  of  Mr.  James' 
article  began.  These  additions  and  corrections  change 
somewhat  the  total  figures,  which  it  is  impossible  to  cor- 
rect without  rewriting  the  pamphlet,  and  if  this  should 
be  done  other  changes  would  be  required  in  an  endless 
chain. 

As  a  review  of  the  refining  industry  of  the  United 
States  the  article  was  complete  when,  first  written,  and  as 
such  is  submitted  to  the  public.  ,.  .t 

THE  DERRICK  PUBLISHING  CO. 


372183 


Refining  Industry  of  United  States 


The  petroleum  refining  industry  is 
like  a  kaleidoscope  —  always  changing. 
Changes  come  so  fast,  the  man  who 
makes  a  success  at  it  must  be  capable  of 
quick  action.  He  must  think  all  the 
while  a  little  ahead  of  the  game.  He 
who  hesitates  in  the  oil  contest  for  suc- 
cess loses  his  opportunity.  Like  "The 
House  of  a  Thousand  Candles"  it  is  "A 
Business  of  a  Thousand  Angles,"  and  ev- 
ery angle  is  a  nerve  center  of  the  enter- 
prise. It  is  as  "touchy"  as  a  spoiled 
child.  Prices  are  beyond  the  control  of 
the  manufacturer.  They  are  gee-hawed 
by  the  cost  of  production  and  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  consuming  market.  A  re- 
finer can't  make  gasoline  without  mak- 
ing fuel  oil.  He  can't  advance  the  price 
of  fuel  oil  beyond  the  competitive  price 
of  coal.  The  gasoline  consumer  demands 
an  adequate  supply.  He  growls  if  prices 
are  high  and  demands  a  Federal  inves- 
tigation. Gasoline  must  bear  the  bur- 
den of  manufacture.  So  gasoline  prices 
are  only  incidentally  and  conditionally 
related  to  crude  prices.  The  kaleido- 
scopic nature  of  the  business  is  illus- 
trated forcibly  by  the  fact  that  Congress 
ordered  an  investigation  of  oil  because 
prices  were  "unconscionably"  low;  the 
investigation  was  not  actually  made  un- 
til prices  were  "warrantably"  high;  and 
before  the  report  has  been  issued,  prices 
are  on  the  toboggan  again.  An  Okla- 
homa refinery  contracted  for  crude  at 
30  cents  a  barrel  for  three  years.  In  a 
few  months  the  market  had  advanced 
several  hundred  per  cent.  The  contract 
was  broken  at  the  instance  of  the  pro- 
ducers. Two  months  later  only  50  per 
'cent,  of  the  output  of  the  field  was  being 
taken  and  the  price  was  nearly  back  to 
the  contract  figure.  Such  is  the  Cyn- 
thia-of-the-minute  character  of  this 
fluctuating  business. 

Steel  Profits  vs.  Oil  Profits. 

Complaint  is  frequently  made  that 
earnings  in  oil  are  unwarrantably  large. 
Fact  is  scores  of  other  enterprises  pro- 
duce larger  returns  than  oil.  Some  are 
so  much  larger  as  to  sink  oil  into  abject 
insignificance.  Big  profits  in  oil  are  gen- 
erally made  either  by  exceptional  risk  or 
by  huge  volume.  Generally  speaking  pe- 
troleum profits  are  not  unusual.  You 
never  hear  of  the  thousands  who  lose. 
The  public  gets  value  received.  Witness 
the  amount  of  gasoline  procurable  at  15 
cents;  the  amount  of  kerosene  for  10 
cents;  and  vaseline  for  five  cents.  Net 
earnings  of  the  United  States  Steel  cor- 
poration during  the  second  quarter  of 
this  year  averaged  $20.70  a  ton.  This  is 
in  excess  of  one  cent  a  pound.  A  barrel 
of  42  gallons  of  gasoline  weighs  277 
pounds.  If  the  refiner  -could  realize  a 
profit  of  one  cent  a  pound,  every  barrel 
would  return  him  $2.77  profit.  There- 
fore, a  refinery  running  5,000  barrels  of 
crude  a  day,  from  which  it  secured  20 
per  cent,  gasoline  (some  are  getting  as 
high  as  30  per  cent.),  would  have  a  pro- 
fit of  $2,772  a  day,  or  $83,160  a  month. 
And  then  he  would  have  all  of  his  pro- 
ducts left.  Miss  Gasoline  is  shamed  and 


humiliated  in  the  presence  of  this  giant 
of  industry,  Mon.  Sig.  Steel.  Indeed,  re- 
finers would  be  mighty  well  pleased  if 
they  could  net  30  cents  a  barrel  crude 
run. 

And  the  steel  corporation  was  proved 
innocent  of  the  charge  of  monopoly. 

Gathering  Information. 

The  writer  has  been  endeavoring  the 
past  year  to  secure  a  complete  list  of 
all  oil  refineries  in  the  United  States. 
Lists  have  appeared  from  time  to  time, 
but  an  effort  to  check  these  up  shows 
that  none  of  them  has  been  wholly  cor- 
rect. The  information,  which  we  shall 
present  in  this  article,  is  based  upon  let- 
ters received  from  various  sources  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast  during 
the  past  year.  It  is  not  claimed  that 
this  list  is  complete  or  wholly  accurate. 
It  is  as  complete  as  it  has  been  possible 
to  make  it.  In  some  instances  informa- 
tion has  been  difficult  to  secure.  It  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  refineries  the  past 
two  years  have  been  built,  as  it  were, 
over  night.  Again  a  refining  plant 
which  might  have  a  charging  capacity 
of  500  barrels  today,  next  month  might 
have  a  charging  capacity  of  1,000  or 
1,500  barrels.  Two  or  three  years  ago 
an  independent  refinery  running  5,000 
barrels  a  day  was  an  exceptionally  large 
concern.  Today  there  are  independent 
refineries  with  daily  running  capacity 
of  15,000  to  30,000  barrels.  Their  num- 
ber is  rapidly  increasing.  Some  of 
these  are  merely  what  is  termed  "skim- 
ming" plants.  Others  are  complete  re- 
fineries, turning  out  all  products  of  re- 
fined oils  and  greases.  Western  refin- 
ers are  now  turning  attention  to  mak- 
ing lubricants.  The  field  is  widening. 
The  Independents  are  realizing  their  op- 
portunity. One  company  can  no  longer 
do  all  the  business.  It  is  too  big. 

There  was  a  time  when  it  was  practi- 
cally true  that  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany was  the  oil  business  of  America. 
But  this  is  not  true  today.  The  Inde- 
pendent movement  has  been  growing  by 
leaps  and  bounds.  The  Standard  Oil 
group  owns  only  a  small  percentage  of 
production  and  now  controls  only  about 
one-half  of  refinery  capacity.  This 
brings  forcibly  to  attention  the  fact 
that  there  are  now  three  classes  of  re- 
finers in  this  country.  First,  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  group  with  its  mighty 
forces;  second,  is  that  large  group  of 
big  Independents  who  come  in  strict 
and  forceful  competition  with  the 
Standard  Oil  Company;  and  third,  there 
is  that  large  element  of  small  Independ- 
ents who  shy  with  equal  timidity  in 
the  presence  of  both  the  big  Independ- 
ents and  the  Standard  Oil  group,  and 
who  are  in  a  particular  class  by  them- 
selves. But  no  one  is  clothed  with  pro- 
phetic vision  sufficient  to  say  what  the 
morrow  may  bring  forth.  Some  of  the 
greatest  factors  in  the  manufacturing 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


end  of  oildom  today,  yesterday  were 
struggling  in  this  third  class.  There 
are  great  opportunities  in  oil  and  dur- 
ing the  past  two  or  three  years  practi- 
cally all  that  has  been  necessary  to 
make  a  success  has  been  native  ability, 
quick  action  and  good  connections. 

Just  now  an  unprecedented  number 
of  new  and  exceptionally  large  refiner- 
ies is  being  built  or  is  planned  for.  I 
cannot  say  that  they  will  or  will  not 
overproduce  the  market.  To  a  casual 
observer  it  would  seem  that  they  will. 
Prophesying  about  oil  is  hazardous.  The 
prices  of  .automobiles  are  coming  down. 
I  have  talked  with  the  representatives 
of  several  of  the  largest  motor  manu- 
facturers the  past  week  and  they  tell 
me  the  capacity  of  their  factories  is 
sold  six  months  to  a  year  ahead.  This 
means  a  big  increase  in  gasoline  con- 
sumption. 1  presume  the  situation  will 
work  itself  out.  If  there  is  too  much 
gasoline  next  year,  a  period  of  no  new 
refineries  will  follow  and  the  twin  law 
of  averages  and  compensation  will  dem- 
onstrate their  accuracy  aigain. 

But  there  is  one  thing  of  which  I  am 
morally  certain  and  that  is  the  petro- 
leum refining  business  during  the  next 
five  years  is  going  to  pass  through  the 
greatest  evolution  of  its  history.  My 
opinion  is  that  methods  are  going  to  be 
completely  revolutionized  and  that  much 
larger  volumes  of  crude  will  be  treated 
and  greater  precipitation  of  gasoline  se- 
cured at  a  decidedly  less  expense.  The 
progress  in  this  particular  made  the 
past  year  has  been  quite  remarkable. 
More  than  this,  much  more  about  oil 
and  its  contents  and  how  to  treat  it'  is 
going  to  be  known.  Chemists  and  re- 
searchers are  constantly  amazed  over 
what  their  experiments  develop.  *But 
most  refiners  are  too  intent  on  making 
money  to  "run  down"  these  discoveries. 

The  Mid-Continent  field  will  continue 
for  some  time  to  be  the  center  of  ac- 
tivity. Intense  energy  is  displayed  here. 
Nothing  is  too  big  to  undertake.  The 
field  possesses  many  natural  advantages. 
Sixty  gravity  gasoline  produced  from 
Mid-Continent  crude  equals  56  gravity 
from  the  far-famed  Pennsylvania  crude, 


and  it  has  been  found  possible  to  make 
just  as  good  lubricants  from  this  oil  as 
from  Pennsylvania.  So  with  the  im- 
mense volume  of  crude,  the  probable 
future  supply,  the  great  marketing  cen- 
ters and  natural  advantages,  the  first  is 
quite  certain  to  hold  its  enviable  posi- 
tion for  a  long  while.  More  than  60 
per  cent  of  the  gasoline  of  the  country 
now  comes  from  the  Mid-Continent  reg- 
ion. As  it  is  found  possible  to  make- 
acceptable  grades  of  low  gravity  gaso- 
line, this  volume  will  increase.  The  time 
is  near  at  hand  when  the  standard  grade 
of  motor  gasoline  will  be  50  gravity 
with  410  end  point.  It  may  not  be 
generally  known,  but  the  bulk  of  motor 
fuel  sold  in  one  of  the  largest  cities 
of  the  United  States  tests  only  54  grav- 
ity, but  it  is  a  good,  satisfactory  pro- 
duct. 

There  need  be  no  fear  about  the  future 
supply  of  crude.  There  need  be  little 
apprehension  on  the  part  of  refiners  of 
a  gasoline  substitute  that  will  put  the 
refiner  out  of  business.  Other  liquids 
may  be  found  that  will  explode  in  inter- 
nal combustion  engines,  but  there  is 
scarcely  any  likelihood  of  a  competitor 
of  gasoline. 

The  oil  business  has  had  a  very  ex- 
tended "infancy,"  and  the  expression 
may  be  thread-worn,  but  in  point  of  de- 
velopment it  is  still  in  its  swaddling 
clothes.  This  has  been  shown  by  the 
wonderful  progress  of  the  past  two 
years.  Even  since  I  began  gathering 
the  data  for  this  story  so  many  changes 
have  taken  place  I  have  been  compelled 
to  revise  again  and  again.  New  re- 
fineries are  being  projected  so  fast  and 
old  ones  are  increasing  so  rapidly  that  I 
fear  this  story  will  be  out  of  date  before 
it  is  printed. 

I  am  presenting  this  statistical  in- 
formation with  the  hope  that  it  will 
prove  of  much  interest  and  value  to  the 
trade,  and  I  trust  if  any  errors  have 
crept  into  these  statements  that  correc- 
tions may  be  sent  me  for  future  guid- 
ance. It  is  hoped  thereby  to  finally  work 
out  of  this  effort  a  complete  and  reliable 
directory  of  American  oil  refineries. 


PETROLEUM  REFINERIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

(Showing  as  fully  as  possible  year  built,  investment  and  daily  consumption  of  crude.) 

California. 

Ap.   Bbls. 

Year      Approximate  Crude 

Built.     Investment.     Used  D'y. 
1902"! 

Standard  Oil  Company,   El   Segunda   1913  }•  $65,834,200 

Standard   Oil  Company,   Kern   River   1914  J 


Name.  Location. 

Standard    Oil    Company,    Poin*    Richards 


Union  Oil   Co.,   of  California,   Oleum   1895 

Union  Oil  Co.   of  California,   Avila   

Union  Oil   Co.   of  California,   Bakersfield    

Union   Oil   Co.    of   California,    Brea    

Union  Oil  Co.   of  California,   Los  Angeles   ..: • 

Union   Oil   Co.   of   California,   Orcutt    

Union  Oil  Co.  of  California,  Santa  Paula  

Associated    Oil    Co.,    Avon    1913 

Associated   Oil    Co.,    Gaviota    1899 

'Phoenix    Refining    Co.     Bakersfield     1902 

Monarch   Oil   Refining    Co.,    Berkley    1910 

Final-Dome   Refining   Co.,    Betteravia 1911 

St.    Helens   Petroleum   Co.,    Brea    

Puente    Oil    Co.,    Chino    1S98 

Paraffine   Paint    Co.,    Emeryville 1895 


65,000 
20,000 

25,000 


3,000,000 


Other  plants  built 
since  1895 


1,400,753 

530,567  (b'th  pl'ts) 

*1.200 

*600 

2."0.000  1.500 

1,000 
300 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


American  Oilfields  Co.,  Fellows 

Ventura  Refining  Co.,  Fillmore  •... 

California-Fresno  Oil  Co.,  Fresno  , 

—Pacific  States  Refineries,  Fruitvale  , 

Pacific  States  Refineries,  Coalinga  , 

2Hanford  Oil  Refinery,  Inc.,  Hanford  , 

3Eastern  Consolidated  Oil  Co.,  Kern  River  Field 

King  Refining  Co.,  Kern  River  Field  

Producers  Refining  Co.,  Kern  River  Field  

Warren  Bros.,  Kern  River  Field  , 

4Warren  Bros.,  Rodeo  , 

5General  Petroleum  Co.,  Kerto  , 

General  Petroleum  Co.,  Vernon  , 

Asphaltum  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

-Amalgamated  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles 

California  Oil  &  Asphalt  Co.,  Los  Angeles  , 

Densmore-Stabler  Refining  Co.,  Los  Angeles  .... 

•jHuasteca  Petroleum  Co.,  Los  Angeles  , 

Lincoln  Motor  Co.,  Los  Angeles  , 

Pioneer  Roll  Paper  Co.,  Los  Ang-eles  

^Service  Oil  &  Asphalt  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

'Shell  Co.  (Trumbull  Refining  Co.),  Los  Angeles  .. 

S.  A.  Thompson  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

/yosemite  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

O'Neal  Refining  Co.,  Long  Beach  , 

Santa  Maria  Oil  Fields,  Ltd.,  Roadamite  

San  Diego  A-l  Refinery,  San  Diego  , 

Capitol  Crude  Oil  Co.,  Santa  Paula  , 

Tulare  Refinery,  Tulare  

British  California  Oil  Co.,  Vernon  

..-^Hercules  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Vernon 

Hfordan  Oil  Co.,  Vernon  

IJMtional  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Waits  

Adalaine,  Consolidated  Road  Oil  Co.,  Maricopa  .. 

Sunset  Monarch  Oil  Co.,  Maricopa  

6American  Oriental  Co.,  Martinez  

Shell  Company  of  California,  Martinez  

^Richfield  Oil  Co.,  Olinda. 

A.  F.  Gilmore,  Sherman  


1912 
1915 
1901 
1902 


1913 
1904 
1901 
1904 
1914 
1903 
1913 
1913 


1905 
1911 

1902 


1904 
1893 


1911 


1900 
1900 
1906 
1910 
1907 


1915 


Idle  California  Refineries 

Arroyo   Grande   


Luis 


Beckett   Refinery, 

Volcan  Oil    Co.,    Bakersfield 

Capitol  Refining  Co.,   Berkeley    , 

More    Refinery,    Goleta    

Ensign-Baker  Refining   Co.,    Hadley,   San 

Obispo    county 

Buckeye  Refining  Co.,  Kern  River  Field 

Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Co.,  Los  Angeles   

Continental  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

/Guaranty  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles  

.Southern  Refining  Co.,  Los  Angeles 

General    Petroleum    Co.,    Mojave    

Sunset  Oil   &  Refining   Co.,   Obispo  or  Ostend    

Producers  &  Refiners  Oil  Co.,   Oil   Port,   San  Luis  Obispo  Co. 

Pacific  Roofing  &  Refining   Co.,   San  Francisco    

Prutzman   Refining  Co.,    San   Francisco    

Sunset  Oil  &  Refinery   Co.,    San   Pedro    


1901 
1900 


1910 


1901 


1890 
1907 


1900 
1914 
1903 
1906 


California  Liquid  Asphalt,  Hadley,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co. 
Columbia  Oil,  Asphalt  &  Refining  Co.,   Carpenteria   

* Number  of  tons  of  asphalt. 

* Leased  to  American  Oilfields  Co. 

2 Topping  plants  only. 

3 At  point  of  dissolution. 

4 Lubricating  plant  operated  by  Shell  Company. 

5 Asphalt  and  road  oil  plant. 

6 Operated  by  Shell  Company  on  short  time  lease. 

7 Formerly  Los  Angeles  Oil  Refining  Co. 


Utah. 


Utah   Refining   Co.,    Salt   Lake    City 


Colorado. 


United   Oil   Co.    (Standard),    Florence    

Florence  Oil  Co.,   Florence   

The    Inland    Refinery.    Boulder    


Wyoming. 


Midwest    Refining    Co.,    Casper    

Continental    Refining    Co.,    Casper    

Northwestern    Oil    Refining    Co.,    Cowley 

Ohio   Oil   Co.,    Greybull    

Greybull    Refining   Co.,    Greybull    


1907 


1887 
1889 
1906 


1912 
1915 
1909 
1916 
1915 


New  Mexico. 


150,000 


90,000 

45,666 

6,000,000 

50,666 

sob] 666 
i6b|666 

sb'.ooo 


30,000 


7 

8,000 

"ioo 


250 

*1,000 

•500 

150 

•1,500 

•800 

100 

8,000 

500 

3,000 

1,000 

650 


500 
800 


600 


1,000 

300 

150 

300 

•1,500 

6,000 


•400 
•600 


•1,000 


i 


;  1,000 

1 1.400' 

•600 
1,000 
70) 
8,000 
2,000 
5,000 

•300 


f    460 
•U.OOO 


$       35,000 


500,000 
200,000 
125,000 


18,000,000 

2,000,000 

61,000 


Oil    Refinery,    Farmington    1915 


20,000 


500 


3,000 
1,000 
1,500 


12,000 

5,000 

300 

Building 

2,000 


150 


8 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Kansas. 


Standard  Oil  Company  pf  Kansas,   Neodesha 1892  1,500,000 

Lesh  Refining  Co.,   Arkansas   City    1914  30,000 

Kanotex   Refining   Co.,   Caney    1906  660,000 

JChanute   Refining   Co.,    Chanute 1907  300,000 

Kansas  Co-Operative  Refining  Co.,  Chanute  1906  200,000 

'•Kansas  Crude  Oil   Co.,   Chanute   

Uncle  Sam  Oil   Co.,   Cherryvale   1906  125,000 

iCudahy   Refining   Co.,    CofEeyville    , 1909  1,400,000 

Kansas  Oil  Refining  Co.,   Coffeyville   1906  300,000 

National   Refining   Co.,    Coffeyville    1907  500,000 

Great.  Western  Oil   Refining  Co.,   Brie   1905  754,000 

Miller    Petroleum    Refining    Co.,    Humboldt    1906  73,626 

SHutchinson    Refining    Co.,    Hutchinson    1915  5,000 

Petroleum   Products  Co.,   Independence    •. 1909  1,500,000 

Kansas  City  Refining  Co.,   Kansas  City   1906  275,000 

4Uncle   Sam   Oil   Co.,    Kansas    City    

Eastern   Kansas   Oil   Co.,    Moran    , 1905  300,000 

O -K.   Refining   Co.,   Niotaze   1905  275,000 

Rollin    Oil    Refining,    Rollin    .- 1904  20,000 

Rosedale  Refining   Co.,   Rosedale    1915  25,000 

Wichita  Independent.  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  Wichita   1914  20,000 

Missouri. 

Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana,   Sugar  Creek   1907             $3,000,000 

Wilhoit   Refining   Co.,   Joplin    1914  120,000 

St.   Joseph  Viscosity  Oil  &  Refining   Co.,   St.   Joseph    1915  16,000 

Oklahoma. 

"Carter  Oil   Co.,   Norfolk    1916             $3,500,000 

Crystal  White  Refining  Co.,  Allen   1915  10,000 

Ardmore  Refining  Co.,   Ardmore    1914  100,000 

Cosden   &   Co.,    Bigheart 1908  80,000 

Cosden  &  Co.,   Gushing   1911  100,000 

Cosden   &    Co.,    Tulsa    1912  1,500,000 

Boynton  Refining  Co.,  Boynton   1916  45,000 

Continental   Refining  Co.,   Bristow    1914  166,000 

Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.,   Cleveland    1913"  100,000 

-Webster  Refining  Co.,   Coalton   1911                      

JChanute   Refining    Co.,    Cushing    1914  600,000 

Consumers   Refining   Co.,    Cushing    1912  864,791 

Cushing   Refining   Co.,    Cushing    ;  1912  445,000 

Hillman   Refining   Co.,    Cushing   1914  12,000 

International   Refining  Co.,   Cushing   1915  200,000 

eillinois    Oil    Co.,    Cushing    1914  65,000 

'Peerless  Refining  Co.,   Cushing   1914  600,000 

5Roxana    Petroleum    Co.,    Cushing    1916  1,000,000 

Lawton  Refining  Co.,   Lawton    1916  20,000 

'Cudahy  Refining  Co.,   Muskogee    1905  95,000 

Muskogee   Refining   Co.,   Muskogee   1905  350,000 

=Oilton    Refining    Co.,    Oilton    1916  6,000 

Capital   Refining   Co.,   Oklahoma   City    1915  20,000 

Oklahoma   Refining   Co.,    Oklahoma   City    1906  280,667 

American  Refining   Co.,   Okmulgee   1907  583,109 

Indiahoma   Refining   Co.,    Okmulgee    1910  1,258,000 

Sapulpa  Refining  Co.,   Okmulgee    1915  10.000 

Sapulpa   Refining   Co..    Sapulpa    1908  749.907 

ETiger    Refining    Co.,    Okmulgee     1916  50,000 

Ponca   Refining    Co.,    Ponca   City    1912  600,000 

Phoenix  Refining  Co.,   Sand  Springs 1913  300,000 

Pierce    Oil    Corporation,    Sand    Springs    1913  875,000 

North  American   Refining   Co.,    Pemeta    1915  150,000 

Constantin    Refining    Co.,    Tulsa    1911  400,000 

Pan-American  Refining  Co.,   Tulsa  1916  75,000 

The    Texas    Co.,    Tulsa    1910  350,000 

HJncle  Sam  Oil  Co.,   Tulsa 1906  50,000 

^lilliken    Refining    Co.,    Vinita    1910  999,800 

Southern    Oil    Corporation,    Yale 1915  60,000 

Sun    Oil    Co.,     Yale     1915  100,000 

Webster  Oil   &  Gasoline   Co.,    Yale    1915  17,030 

Planet   Refining   Co.,    Blackwell    , 1916                     

Mid-Continent    Gasoline    Co.,    Tulsa    1916                    

Louisiana. 

Standard   Oil   Company,    Baton   Rouge    1910              $6,000,000 

^Federal   Oil  &  Refining  Co.,   Alexandria    1915  150,000 

Pelican  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Chalmette   1915  25,000 

Louisiana   Oil    Refining   Co.,    Gas   Center    1913  600,000 

Mexican   Petroleum  Corporation,    Destrahan    

8Freeport  &  Tampico   Fuel  Oil    Corporation,    Mereaux    

Liberty   Oil   Co.,    Ltd,    New   Orleans    1915  30,000 

National  Oil  Works,   New  Orleans   

ECorona  Oil  Co.    (Dutch  Shell  Co.),   New  Orleans   1916                      

Record    Oil    Refining    Co.,    New    Orleans    

6Developers    Oil    &    Refining    Co.,    Shreveport    1915  250,000 

Caddo  Oil  Refinery,   Shreveport   1913  125,000 

Purified   Petroleum   Products   Co.,    Shreveport    

Shreveport   Oil   Refining   Co.,   Shreveport    1911  50,000 

Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Shreveport   1916                      

^American    Oil    Refinery,    Inc..    Shreveport    


8,000 
1,200 

800 
2,000 

500 
Idle 

400 
4,500 
1,800 
5,000 

500 

500 

150 

3,500 

1,800 

Rebuilding 

300 
1,200 

100 
1,000 
1,000 


12,000 
750 


25,000 
300 

4,800 

800 

2,000 

15,000 

1,000 


Idle 

4,500 

4,500 

3,250 

800 

3,000 

1,000 

2,750 

10,000 

300 

300 

2,000 

300 

300 

2,000 

2,500 

3,750 

*300 

3,500 

1,000 

3,250 

3,000 

10,000 

2,000 

6,000 

1,500 

10,000 

600 

8,000 

2,000 

2,500 

800 

50ft 


20,000 

1,000 

300 

1,250 


3 

io',6oo 


1,700 
500 


2,500 
150 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Texas. 

Magnolia    Petroleum    Co.,    Beaumont    1902 

Magnolia   Petroleum   Co.,    Corsicana    1898 

Magnolia    Petroleum    Co.,    Ft.    "Worth    1914 

"United  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  Beaumont  1903 

Central   Oil  Co.,   Corsicana   1903 

The   Texas    Co..    Dallas    1908 

The  Texas  Co.,   Port  Arthur   1902 

The  Texas  Co.,  Port  Neches  1906 

Gulf  Refining  Co.,   Fort  Worth    1911 

Gulf  Refining  Co.,   Port  Arthur   1901 

Producers   Refining   Co.,    Gainesville    1915 

^Houston   Oil   Co.,    Houston   Heights    

Wichita  Valley  Refining  Co.,   Iowa  Park 1914 

*A vis  Wood  Refining  Co.,  Jacksboro   1915 

f  Petroleum   Refining   Co.,    Houston    1916 

Pierce-Fordyce   Oil   Association,    Texas   City    1911 

Pierce-Fordyce   Oil   Association,    Fort   Worth    1912 

Pure    Oil    Refining    Co.,    Houston    1916 

'Orange    Refining    Co.,    Orange    

Oriental   Oil    Co.,    Oriental    1912 

Dixie  Oil  &  Refining   Co.,   San  Antonio    1913 

Thrall   Refining   Co.,    Thrall 1915 

Panhandle   Refining    Co.,    Wichita    Falls    1915 

Illinois. 

Standard    Oil    Company,    Alton     

Leader   Refining   Co.,    Casey    

^Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.,  No.  2,  Bast  St.  Louis  1909 

^Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.   No.  3,  East  St.  Louis   1915 

8Anderson  &  Gustafson,  East  St.  Louis   1916 

Indiahoma    Refining    Co.,    East    St.    Louis    1907 

Central  Refining  Co.,  Lawrenceville   ;.    1908-J 

Indian   Refining   Co.,    Lawrenceville 1910 

The    Texas    Co.,    Lockport    1911 

Wabash    Refining   Co.,    Robinson    1907 

Smith   Oil   &   Refining   Co.,    Rockford    

Maryland. 

Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey,   Baltimore    

Prudential   Oil   Corporation,    Baltimore    1915 

u'The  Interocean  Oil  Co.,   East  Brooklyn   1913 

U.  S.  Asphalt  Refining  Co.,  East  Brooklyn   1911 

Red    "C"    Oil    Mfg.    Co..    Highlandtown    

New  Jersey. 

Standard   Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey,   Bayonne    

Standard   Oil   Company  of  New  Jersey,   Bay  way    

Standard   Oil   Company  of  New  Jersey,   Jersey   City   

^Vacuum    Oil    Co.,    Paulsboro    

Galena-Signal    Oil    Co.,    Elizabeth    

Tidewater    Oil    Co.,    Bayonne    

Columbia   Oil    Co.    of  New   York,    Bayonne    

Valvoline  Oil  Co.,  Edgewater  

Columbia   Refining  Co.,   Jersey   City    


1879 


New  York. 


1882 


Standard  Oil   Company  of  N.   Y.,   New  York  City    (4  plants) 
Standard   Oil    Company   of   New   York,    Buffalo    

Vacuum    Oil    Co.,    Olean    

Vacuum  Oil  Co.,  Lubricating  plants,   Rochester   

Mexican    Petroleum    Co.,    Mariners'    Harbor,    New    York    City    .... 

Wellsville    Refining    Co.,    Wellsville 1901 

Ohio. 

Standard   Oil   Company   of   Ohio,    Cleveland    1870 

Solar    Refining    Co.,    Lima    1886 

Canfield    Oil   Co.,    Cleveland    1907 

Great- Western   Oil   Co.,    Cleveland    

National    Refining    Co.,    Findlay    

National    Refining   Co.,    Marietta    

Craig  Oil  Co.,  Ironville   1890 

Paragon  Refining  Co.,   Toledo   

Sun  Oil   Co.,   Toledo   

Lake  Carriers  Oil  Co.,   Cleveland   

Indiana. 

Standard  Oil    Company  of  Indiana,   Whiting   


Standard  Oil  Company,  Barbourville 
"Indian   Refining   Co.,    Georgetown    


Kentucky. 


$  3,885,183 
559,176 
457,840 

75.000 


7,000,000 
1,200,000 


700.000 

loo.'ooo 

75,000 

750,000 

1,250,000 

1,500,000 


140,000 
100,000 
100,000 
100,000 


$  3,250,000 
250,000 
50,000 


5,000 

100,000 

3,000,000 

1,320,000 

625,000 

250,000 


$  2,750,000 
1,750,000 


$37,000,000 
15,000,000 
10,000,000 
2,000,000 
7,500,000 
25,991,598 


$32,000,000 

*5,obb',66o 

664'666 


$  3,500,000 

2,500,000 

150,000 


75,000 


25,000 
3,000 
12,000 

Rebuilding 

300 

15,000 


10,000 
6,000 
55,000 
13,000 
Idle 
1.000 
300 

Building 
3,000 
6,000 
200 
Idle 
1,000 
2,000 
1,000 
2,000 


20,000 

800 

1,000 

300 

200 

750 

3,000 

11,000 

5,000 


10,000 
4,000 
1,500 
5,000 


45,000 
30,000 
15,000 


10,000 
1,000 

'ioo 

20,000 

i2',66o 


15,000 
10,000 

3W 

400 
1,000 

500 
1,200 
1,000 
1,000 

500 


$25,400,000  60,000 

Building 


Massachusetts. 


Galena-Signal    Oil    Co..    Boston 


10 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Pennsylvania. 


1872 


Atlantic    Refining    Co.,    Point    Breeze    

Atlantic  Refining  Co.,    Pittsburgh    

Atlantic  Refining  Co.    (Eclipse  Oil  Works),   Franklin   . 

"Galena-Signal   Oil    Co.,    Franklin    1869 

Emery  Manufacturing  Co.,    Bradford 1 

Kendall    Refining   Co.,    Bradford    1882 

Butler    County   Oil    Refining    Co.,    Bruin    1911 

Valvoline    Oil    Co.,    Butler    >. 

Valvoline    Oil    Co.,    Struthers    

Amber   Oil  &   Realty    Co.,    Clarendon 

Clarendon   Rening   Co.,    Clarendon    

Levi   Smith   Limited,    Clarendon    1884 

Tiona  Refining  Co.,   Clarendon   1886 

Canfield    Oil    Co.,    Coraopolis    1897 

12Pittsburgh    Oil   Rening    Co.,    Coraopolis    1892 

Pennsylvania  Oil  Products  Refining  Co.,   Eldred    1913 

F«mlenton  Refining  Co.,  Emlenton   1891 

^Bayerson  Oil  Works,   Erie    

"United  Oil  Mfg.   Co.,   Erie    

Freedom   Oil   Refinery,    Freedom    

Pennsylvania  Refining  Co.,   Karns  City   1903 

Starlight   Rening   Co.,    Karns   City 1892 

Pure  Oil  Co.,   Marcus  Hook    

Sun   Company,    Marcus   Hook    

Island  Petroleum   Co.,   Neville   Island    

James  B.  Berry's  Sons  Co.,  Oil  City   

Continental  Refining  Co.,  Oil  City   

Crystal  Oil  Works,  Oil  City  

Germania  Refining  Co.,   Oil  City   

Germania   Refining    Co.,    Rouseville 1892 

Independent  Refining  Co.,   Oil   City   1880 

W.  H.  Daughtery  &  Son  Refining  Co.,  Petrolia  

Petrolia  Refining  Co.,    Petrolia   

Gulf   Refining   Co.,    Gibsons    Point    

Crew  Levick  Co. 

Seaboard  Oil  Works,   Philadelphia   

Bessemer   Refining    Co.,    Titusville    

Pennsylvania   Paraffine   Works,    Titusville    

Glade  Oil  Works,  Warren    

Sunlight  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co.,   Philadelphia   

A.   D.   Miller's  Sons   Co.,   Pittsburgh    1862 

Waverly  Oil  Works  Co.,   Pittsburgh   1880 

Coldwater    Refining    Co.,    Raymilton    

Empire   Oil    Works,    Reno    1886 

American    Oil    Works,    Titusville    

Titusville    Oil    Works.    Titusville ±887 

Conewango   Refining   Co.,    Warren    1899 

Cornplanter  Refining  Co.,  Warren    1888 

Mutual    Refining   Co.,    Ltd.,    Warren    1909 

Seneca   Oil   Works,   Warren    '. 1893 

Superior  Oil  Works,   Ltd.,   Warren   1901 

United    Refining    Co.,    Warren     1902 

Warren  Refining  Co.,  Warren   1890 

Wilburine  Oil  Works,   Ltd.,   Warren   

Beaver   Refining   Co.,    Washington    1890 

Franklin   Oil   Works,    Franklin    1877 

Tennessee. 

Cumberland    Refining    Co.,    Nashville    1915 

West   Virginia. 

Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey,   Parkersburg  

Galena-Signal  Oil   Co.,   Parkersburg   

Elk  Refining  Co.,  Falling  Rock   1914 

^•Petroleum    Products    Co.,    Jacksonburg    

15Ohio  Valley  Refining  Co.,   St.   Marys 1913 

^Indian   Refining  Co.,    Staunton 1916 


Arkansas. 


2Fort  Smith  Refining  Co.,   Fort  Smith 


$20,100,176 


400,000 


70,000 


120,000 


227,000 
400,000 


2,000,000 
(both) 


500,000 
400,000 


250,000 


500,000 


166,795 
350,000 
155,641 
300,000 


115,000 
20,000 


15,000 


$     100,000 


3,500 
8,000 


1,200 
400 


1,000 


300 
300 
400 
370 
1,500 
300 


1,500 

100 

100 

4,560 

3,000 

650 

"750 

500 

2,500 

(both) 

n.ooo 


660 

500 
500 

'766 
500 

'g'66 

550 

750 
400 

1,000 
400 
500 
320 
400 
500 

1,500 
150 
300 


400 


2,500 

*40C 

200 

1,000 

Building 


Idle 


* Estimated. 

1 Merged  with  Sinclair  Corporation. 

Not  operating. 

3 Patented  process. 

* Leased   on   short   time   contract   to   Mid- Continent   Refining  Co. 

5 Building. 

6 Formerly  New  State  Refining  Co. 

7 Formerly  Jane  Oil  &   Gas   Co. 

8 Formerly  Indian  Refining  Co. 

9 Being  reconstructed. 

10 Handles  distillates  from  TJ.   S.   Asphalt  Refining  Co. 

13 800,000   bbls.    of   lub.    annually,    Galena    plants. 

12 Merged  with   Robinson   Oil   Corporation. 

13 Compounding  plant. 

14 Devoted  entirley  to  compounding  lubricating  oils  and  distributing  refined  oils 

15 Formerly  High  Grade  Petroleum  Refining   Co. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


ii 


Petroleum  Refineries  in  the  United  States. 

Estimated 
Inv'tm'nt. 
$  81,000,000 
35,000 


No.  of 
State.  Refrs. 

California     76 

Utah     1 

Colorado    3 

Wyoming    4 

New    Mexico    1 

**Kansas     21 

Oklahoma     41 

Missouri     3 

Texas   23 

Louisiana    16 

Illinois      11 

Indiana    1 

Ohio    10 

Pennsylvania  56 

New    York    11 

New    Jersey    10 

West   Virginia    6 

Maryland      5 

^Kentucky    2 

Tennessee     1 


Estim'ted 
Bbls-Crde 
211,300 
500 
5,000 
34,000 
150 
34,250 
tl05,075 
13,000 
179,800 
42,150 
39,650 
60,000 


18,561,000 
15,000 

8,252,000 
17,500,600 

3,136,000 
47,350,000 

7,750,000 


109,470 
42,000 

111,000 
4,500 
20,500 


25,400,000 
6,600,000 
40,000,000 
50,000,000 
105,600,000 
2,250,000 
5,250,000 


Total 


1,043,245       $428,124,600 


Idle    26 

Building    11—  37 

Total    active    265 

*— 19   plants   not  operating. 

**— If  present  plans  materialize,  Kansas' 
refining  capacity  will  be  increased  50  per 
cent  during  the  next  year. 

Of  the  1,043,245  bbls.  a  day  capacity,  ap- 
proximately 500,000  is  owned  by  the  Stan- 
dard Oil  Company. 

Total  daily  refinery  capacity  1,043,245  bbls.; 
daily  crude  production  1915,  834,000  bbls. 

t— When  the  Carter  Oil  Co.,  Roxana  Pe- 
troleum Co.,  Tiger  Refining  Co.,  and  Oilton 
Refining  Co.  complete  their  plants,  Okla- 
home  refineries  will  be  using  145,000  bfcls. 
of  oil  a  day.  A  number  of  established 
plants  are  materially  increasing  their  capa- 
city. 

t— One    building;    other   not    operating. 

Concrete  Facts. 

There  are  302  refineries  in  the  United 
States. 

Total  capacity  of  refineries  is  in  ex- 
cess of  1,000,000  bbls.  a  day. 

Total  daily  crude  production  in  1915 
was  834,000  bbls.  a  day. 

If  it  were  attempted  to  operate  all 
these  refineries  at  full  capacity,  there 
would  not  be  enough  crude  to  keep  them 
going. 

Of  the  1,000,000  bbls.  capacity,  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  is  credited  with 
495,000  bbls.  It  is  building  additional 
refineries. 

In  this  list  of  302  refineries  11  are 
in  course  of  construction  and  26  are 
idle,  leaving  265  in  active  operation.  An 
additional  list  shows  40  new  refineries 
building  or  projected.  They  will  bring 
the  refinery  capacity  of  the  United 
States  up  to  1,193,245  bbls.  a  day  or 
more. 

Other  refineries  are  talked  of  and 
some  will  probably  be  built  during  the 
coming  year  in  addition  to  those  listed. 

The  total  investment  in  oil  refineries 
in  the  United  States  is  estimated  to  ex- 
ceed $428,000,000. 

To  this  might  properly  be  added  the 
amount  invested  in  pipe  lines,  which 
would  probably  aggregate  over  $200,- 
000,000,  making  a  grand  total  of  over 
$628,000,000. 

It  is  estimated  pipe  line  systems  in 
and  from  the  Mid-Continent  field  aggre- 


gate approximately  $100,000,000  gross 
valuation. 

Casinghead  gasoline  is  not  taken  into 
consideration  in  these  figures.  But  it 
does  affect  materially  refinery  output. 

No  oil  is  produced  in  the  State  of 
New  Jersey,  but  more  money  is  in- 
vested in  refineries  there  than  in  any 
other  State 

There  are  57  active  refineries  in  Cali- 
fornia and  19  idle  plants,  making  a  total 
of  76. 

It  is  not  claimed  these  figures  are 
absolutely  accurate.  They  are  as  nearly 
accurate  as  it  has  been  possible  to  as- 
certain. Letters  were  sent  to  every  re- 
finery in  the  United  States  asking  for 
information,  and  the  list  has  been  check- 
ed over  many  times.  A  few  refiners  re- 
fused to  give  information  and  some  did 
not  reply,  accounting  for  the  blank 
spaces. 

In  some  States,  as  in  Oklahoma,  Kan- 
sas, Missouri  and  Texas,  these  figures 
represent  the  actual  amount  of  crude 
used  daily  by  the  refineries.  In  some 
of  the  other  States  the  figures  represent 
the  charging  capacity  of  the  refinery. 

It  costs  11  cents  a  barrel  to  pump 
crude  oil  from  Oklahoma  to  Chicago,  a 
distance  of  700  miles,  and  16  cents  a 
bbl.  to  pump  crude  oil  from  Oklahoma 
to  the  Gulf,  a  distance  of  500  miles. 

Gasoline  Production. 

The  Federal  Trade  Commission  re- 
cently announced  that,  according  to  re- 
ports made  to  it  of  gasoline  manufac- 
tured in  1915,  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
produced  681,721,716  gallons  and  inde- 
pendent refineries  reporting  made  393,- 
671,343  gallons,  or  a  total  of  1,  075,393,150 
gallons.  If  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
were  handling  495,000  bbls.  of  crude  a 
day  and  getting  20  per  cent  of  gasoline, 
as  present  capacity  figures  seem  to  sug- 
gest, it  will  make  this  year  1,517,670,000 
gallons  of  gasoline,  or  more  than  twice 
as  much  as  it  made  in  1915. 

In  the  new  order  of  things  refiners  are 
fast  becoming  not  only  manufacturers, 
but  producers,  transporters  and  mar- 
keters also.  The  producer,  holding  them 
up  for  exorbitant  premiums  when  crude 
was  scarce,  forced  them  to  become  pro- 
ducers; the  heavy  transportation  rates 
charged  by  railroads  and  many  annoy- 
ing delays  in  delivery,  compelled  them 
to  build  their  own  pipe  lines  and  buy 
their  own  tank  cars,  so  that  Mid-Con- 
tinent refiners  now  own  approximately 
2,000  miles  of  pipe  lines  and  about  8,000 
Lank  cars.  Strife  and  marketing  an- 
noyances have  caused  many  refiners  to 
establish  their  own  selling  and  distri- 
buting stations,  so  that  now  from  Maine 
to  California  refiners  own  thousands  of 
retail  gasoline  stations,  which  have  be- 
come noted  for  their  architectural  at- 
tractiveness. The  total  result  is  that 
conditions  are  improving  rapidly.  Some 
profess  a  vision  of  a  dawned  day  when 
the  producer  will  sell  his  oil  to  the  in- 
dependent refiner  on  the  same  basis  that 
he  sells  to  the  big  pipe  lines,  and  that 
instead  of  excessive  premiums  he  will 
look  upon  the  refiners  who  provide  a 
market  for  150,000  bbls.  a  day  of  his 
crude  product  as  his  friends  and  not  his 
enemies  to  exploit.  The  railroads  who 


12 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


are  paid  millions  of  dollars  annually  in 
freight  on  oil,  to  say  nothing  of  other 
large  business,  are  coming  to  court  pe- 
troleum trade;  and  the  oil  jobber  and 
the  refiner  have  already  come  to  greea 
pastures  and  shady  nooks  where  they  lie 
down  in  peace  together,  having  found 
there  is  no  profit  or  pleasure  in  quarrel- 
ing and  "doing"  each  other. 

New  Refineries  Under  Construction. 

The  remarkable  growth  of  the  refin- 
ing industry  is  no  more  aptly  illustrated 
than  in  the  statement  that  at  the  pres- 
ent time  there  are  approximately  302 
refineries  in  the  United  States,  repre- 
senting the  growth  of  the  business  of 
the  last  half  century.  According  to  a 
published  statement,  there  were  only  181 
in  1914.  At  the  present  time  there  are 
also  40  new  refineries  either  in  course  of 
construction  or  authorized  by  regular 
charter  to  begin  business.  While  a  ma- 
jority of  these  companies  have  been  or- 
ganized to  operate  in  the  Mid-Continent 
region,  the  list  embraces  pretty  largely 
the  entire  country,  extending  from  Balti- 
more, Md.,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  in 
the  far  northwest.  While  these  new  re- 
fineries are  being  built,  the  capacity  of 
old  plants  is  being  increased  to  even  a 
greater  extent.  Probably  no  other  in- 
dustry in  the  United  States  has  wit- 
nessed such  a  marvelous  increase  in  its 
production  as  the  oil  refining  business. 
This  has  been  caused  very  largely  by  the 
wonderful  development  of  American 
automobiles. 

One  of  the  surprising  features  of  re- 
cent petroleum  refining  development  has 
been  the  vast  amount  of  capital  the  in- 
dustry has  attracted  and  the  unexpected 
places  refineries  have  been  built.  It  is 
not  a  far  stretch  of  fancy  to  imagine 
every  State  after  a  while  having  one  or 
more  refineries.  Think  of  the  south  be- 
coming an  oil  refining  center.  Texas 
and  Louisiana  snatching  away  from 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  their  oleaginous 
laurels.  Now  comes  Alabama  boasting 
it  is  to  have  an  oil  refinery,  and  Ten- 
nessee. Already  20  or  more  States  have 
refineries,  and  nearly  every  State  has  a 
number  of  grease-making  plants.  Next 
we  may  expect  refineries  in  Florida  and 
Maine.  Authorities  estimate  that  since 
the  "Big  War"  began  the  oil  business 
has  drawn  to  its  industrials  $432,293,- 
000.  A  great  deal  of  this  has  gone  into 
the  refining  branch  of  the  business. 

Among  the  plants  now  being  built  or 
for  which  charters  have  been  taken  are 
the  following: 

Oklahoma,  Refining  Co.  is  contemplat- 
ing the  erection  of  a  skimming  plant  at 
Ringling,  Okla.,  a  railroad  center  for  the 
'Gushing  pool. 

The  Milliken  Co.,  incorporated  in  June, 
or  since  the  former  Milliken  Refining  Co 
was  merged  with  the  Sinclair  Oil  &  Re- 
fining Co.,  is  authorized  to  refine,  market 
and  distribute  crude  oil  and  its  products. 
The  new  company  is  incorporated  for 
$1,000,000.  It  has  just  purchased  a  150- 
acre  site  at  Arkansas  City,  Kan.,  and 
will  erect  a  10,000  bbl.  plant. 

The  Roxana  Petroleum  Co.  is  now 
engaged  in  building  a  10,000  bbl.  plant, 
special  topping  process,  at  Gushing, 
Okla. 


The  Gasoline  Corporation  announces" 
that  it  will  erect  several  plants  in  Okla- 
homa to  produce  gasoline  from  distil- 
lates. 

J.  E.  Crosbie,  president  of  the  Central 
National  bank,  of  Tulsa,  Okla.,  and  one 
of  the  largest  individual  oil  producers  in 
the  Mid-Continent  field,  authorized  the 
announcement  that  he,  in  connection 
with  other  producers,  will  build  a  large 
refinery  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Tulsa  and  that  work  will  commence  at 
once.  He  said  that  he  expected  F.  A. 
Gillespie  will  be  one  of  the  directors 
and  officers  of  the  company. 

The  Cumberland  Refining  Co.,  char- 
tered at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  capitalized  at 
$25,000,  is  investigating  the  desirability 
of  locating  a  refinery  at  Augusta,  Kan. 

It  has  been  publicly  stated  that  the 
Empire  Gas  &  Oil  Co.  will  erect  a  re- 
finery at  Wichita,  Kan. 

The  Antilles  Oil  Co.,  of  New  York, 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Dela- 
ware, is  capitalized  at  $5,000,000.  The 
incorporators  are  J.  F.  Curtin,  S.  A. 
Anderson  and  H.  O.  Coughland,  all  of 
New  York  City. 

Washington  Refining  Co.,  Cedar 
Rapids,  Iowa;  capitalized  at  $90,000;  in- 
corporators, Luther  A.  Brewer  and  H.  J. 
Archter. 

Warren,  Pa.,  capitalists,  with  $50,000 
capital,  propose  building  a  3,000  bbl. 
plant  at  Clarendon,  Pa. 

Announcement  has  been  made  that  the 
Gas  Engine  Efficiency  Co.,  of  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  will  erect  a  refining  plant  in  that 
city. 

The  Standard  Oil  Company  has  start- 
ed work  on  a  new  refinery  at  Barbour- 
ville,  Ky. 

The  Petroleum  Refining  Co.,  incorp- 
orated for  $1,000,000,  by  authority  of 
Fred  C.  Smith,  J.  S.  Cullinan,  James  L. 
Autry,  W.  C.  Hogg.  T.  P.  Lee  and  E.  F. 
Woodward,  is  to  build  a  refinery  on  the 
ship  channel  six  miles  southeast  of 
Houston,  Texas. 

Robert  Ligon,  manager  of  the  Wich- 
ita \' alley  Refining  Co.,  at  Iowa  Park, 
Texas,  has  contracted  to  erect  a  refinery 
at  El  Paso,  Texas. 

The  Dutch-Shell  Co.,  under  the  title  of 
Corona  Oil  Co.,  is  building  a  refinery  at 
New  Orleans.  La.  It  is  stated  this  plant 
will  use  a  skimming  method  similar  to 
the  Trumbull  patent. 

The  Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.  is 
building  a  2,500  barrel  plant  at  Shreve- 
port,  La. 

It  is  announced  the  Indian  Refining 
Co.  is  erecting  a  refining  plant  at  Staun- 
ton,  W.  Va. 

The  Wj^oming  Producing  and  Refining 
Co.  has  been  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  Delaware;  capital  stock,  $1,000,- 
000;  incorporators,  S.  A.  Anderson,  S. 
B.  Howard,  J.  F.  Curtin,  all  of  New  York 
City. 

The  Crew-Levick  Co.  has  purchased  a 
tract  of  50  acres  on  Petty's  Island  in 
the  Delaware  river,  and  will  build  a 
large  refining  and  oil  exporting  plant 
there. 

The  Northwestern  Oil  &  Refining  Co., 
ncorporated  at  Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  with  a 
'anital  of  $500,000;  incorporators.  R.  J. 
Messier,  Fritz  Marquardson,  S.  O.  Fox- 
worthy,  E.  Morrell,  C.  C.  Mondoe,  Wil- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Jiam  Parr,  W.  S.  Hurlvut,  Karl  J.  Wag- 
ner, W.  W.  Butan,  C.  H.  Tomcray,  Nick 
Saracene  and  James  Brazzolaro,  all  of 
Denver,  Colo.  This  company  proposes 
to  develop  oil  claims  and  to  refine  oil 
at  Salt  Creek  in  Natrona  county  and  in 
Johnson  county,  Wyoming. 

The  New  Process  Gasoline  Co.  has 
been  incorporated  at  Wilmington,  Dela- 
ware: capital  stock,  $500,000;  incorpor- 
ators,  H.  E.  Latter,  N.  P.  Coffin,  and 
C.  C.  M.  Egner. 

Plans  are  being  made  whereby  Dr. 
Rittman  and  business  associates  of 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  are  to  join  forces  with 
California  oil  interests  and  go  into  the 
refining  business  in  California  in.  a  large 
way. 

The  El  Merito  Refining  Co.  has  been 
organized  to  construct  a  plant  at  Santa 
Paula,  Ventura  county,  Cal.,  about  40 
miles  from  Los  Angeles.  R.  M.  Dun- 
ham, organizer  of  the  company,  has  a 
new  refining  process  by  which  he  as- 
serts he  can  make  95  per  cent  of  gaso- 
line from  the  higher  grades  of  Ventura 
county  oil.  This  company  has  a  Ritt- 
man license  also. 

The  Gulf  Refining  Co.  will  erect  an  oil 
refining  plant  at  New  Decatur,  Ala. 

The  Shreveport  &  Mexican  Fuel  Oil 
Corporation  will  build  a  refining  and 
storage  plant  on  its  Saxonholm  prop- 
erty in  Louisiana,  which  will  be  second 
only  to  the  Standard  Oil  Company's 
plant  at  Baton  Rouge. 

The  Wyatt  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  of 
Douglas,  Wyo.,  is  to  erect  an  oil  refining 
plant. 

The  Duluth  Refining  Co.  is  construct- 
ing at  Sapulpa,  Okla.,  a  refinery  of  1,000 
bbls.  daily  capacity  to  manufacture 
gasoline  only.  The  new  Landes  process 
of  distillation  will  be  employed. 

An  oil  refinery  with  a  capacity  of 
2,000  barrels  a  day  will  soon  be  in  opera- 
tion in  Wichita,  Kan.  This  company 
will  handle  oil  from  the  Eldorado  and 
Augusta  fields.  The  incorporators  of 
the  company  are  H.  Kaufman,  J.  W. 
Craig,  Guy  Baysinger  and  W.  A.  Stout. 

The  Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana, 
has  selected  a  site  for  a  new  refining 
plant  at  Greybull,  Wyo.  The  first  unit 
with  be  20  stills.  It  will  be  an  up-to- 
the-minute  model.  The  Burton  process 
of  refining  will  be  used.  The  new  plant 
will  take  from  the  Greybull  Refining  Co. 
the  residue  that  is  left  after  the  gaso- 
line and  kerosene  are  extracted  and 
convert  the  same  into  the  many  products 
that  are  made  from  crude  oil. 

L.  L.  Marcell,  of  Chanute,  Kan.,  former 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  'Chanute 
Refining  Co.  which  recently  sold  to  the 
Sinclair  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  Walter 
Campbell,  of  Tulsa,  Okla.,  former  pur- 
chasing agent  of  the  Chanute  Refining 
Co.  and  recently  with  the  Sinclair  Oil 
&  Refining  Co.,  and  others,  have  organ- 
ized the  Economy  Oil  &  Gas  Co.,  have 
acquired  30,000  acres  of  leases  in  Kan- 
sas and  Oklahoma,  and  announce  that  a 
refinery  is  to  be  built  as  soon  as  the 
material  can  be  had.  The  capital  stock 
of  the  Economy  Oil  &  Gas  Co.  is  $300,- 
000. 

The  Pan-American  Petroleum  Co.  has 
finished  a  plant  at  Tulsa,  Okla.,  which 
has  a  charging  capacity  of  2,000  bbls., 


but  it  is  announced  that  this  will  be  in- 
creased to  4,000  bbls.  in  the  near  future. 

The  Laurel  Oil  &  Gas  £o.,  general 
offices  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  contemplates 
the  erection  of  a  2,000  bbl.  refinery  in 
Oklahoma. 

The  new  refinery  at  Baltimore  of  the 
Inter-Ocean  Oil  Co.,  of  New  York,  is  to 
be  erected  at  Curtis  Bay,  instead  of 
Canton.  Storage  tanks  will  be  erected 
on  the  Canton  side  and  the  crude  oil 
will  be  carried  across  the  harbor  to  the 
refinery,  which  will  be  built  on  a  105- 
acre  tract  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  As- 
phalt Refining  Co.,  an  Inter-Ocean  sub- 
sidiary. Work  on  a  pipe  line  from  the 
Maryland  Pipe  Line  Co.  to  the  site  of 
the  storage  tanks  has  already  begun. 
The  new  refinery  will  use  Mid-Continent, 
Illinois  and  Mexican  crude. 

The  Marion  Refining  Co.,  Claremore, 
Okla.,  has  been  organized  with  $250,000 
capital,  by  G.  W.  Fry,  A.  S.  Nelson  and 
A.  M.  White. 

Home  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Yale,  Okla., 
capital,  $10,000;  incorporators,  Thad 
Spencer,  W.  O.  Croy,  A.  E.  Sloan  and 
others.  A  site  has  been  purchased  and 
work  started. 

The  Wichita  Independent  Oil  &  Refin- 
ing Co.  has  just  purchased  a  20-acre 
site  at  Wichita,  Kan.,  and  will  erect 
thereon  a  2,000  bbl.  refinery  to  replace 
its  present  small  plant  in  that  city.  The 
company  is  completing  a  well  in  the 
Eldorado  field  which  is  swabbing  1,600 
bbls.  a  day.  It  is  the  intention  to  build 
a  pipe  line  from  this  lease  to  the  pro- 
posed new  refinery,  35  miles.  The  com- 
pany markets  its  entire  output  through 
its  own  stations. 

Refineries    Building:    or    Projected. 

Name.  Location.  Capacity  Etls. 

Northwestern   Oil   &   Refining  Co.,    Salt 

Creek,     Wyo 500 

Wyoming    Producing    &    Refining     Co. 

,  Wyo 

Wyatt  Oil   &  Refg.,  Douglas,   Wyo 

Midwest  Refg.   Co.,  Grass  Valley,  Wyo.    , 

Ohio  Oil  Co.,   Greybull,  Wyo. 

Milliken   &    Co.,   Arkansas  City,    Kan...  10,000 

J.   V.   Foster,   Eldorado,   Kan 4,000 

Craig,  Kaufman,  et  al.,  Eldorado.  Kan.  2.000 
Empire  Oil  &  Gas  Co.,  Wichita,  Kan..  10,000 
Uncle  Sam  Oil  Co..  Kansas  City.  Kan.  Reb'd. 

Marion  Refining  Co.,  Claremore,   Okla 

Home  Oil  Refining  Co.,  Yale,  Okla 500 

Roxana  Petroleum  Co.,  Gushing,  Okla..  10,000 

Duluth  Refining  Co.,   Sapulpa,  Okla 1,000 

Crosble  &  Gillespie,  Tulsa,  Okla 3,000 

Shreveport    &    Mexican    Fuel     Oil    Co., 

Saxonholm,    La 

Federal  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,  Alexandria, 

La.    1,000 

Corona   Oil  Co.,  New   Orleans,   La 10,000 

Developers  Oil  &  Refining  Co.,   Shreve- 
port,   La. 2,500 

Consolidated   Oil    Refining   Co.,    Shreve- 
port,   La 2,500 

American    Oil    Refinery,    Inc.,    Shreve- 
port,   La 150 

New    Orleans    Refining    Co.,    New    Or- 
leans, La 

United   Oil   &  Refining  Co.,    Beaumont, 

Texas   Reb'd. 

Petroleum  Refining  Co.,  Houston,  Texas    

Mr.    Mlneros,   Petrolla,  Texas  1,000 

Standard   Oil   Co.,   Barbourvllle,    Ky 

Indian  Refining  Co.,  Staunton,  W.  Va 

Crew-Levick   Co.,    Petty    Island,    Phila- 
delphia,   Pa 

Inter-Ocean  Oil  Co.,   Curtis  Bay,    Md 

Gulf  Refining  Co.,  New  Decatur,  Ala 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Robert  Ligon,  El  Paso,  Texas  

Yale  Refining  Co.,  Yale,  Okla 100 

Superior  Refining  Co.,  Yale,  Okla 150 

Katy  Refining  Co.,  Yale,  Okla 150 

Wichita  Independent  Oil  &  Refining  Co. 

Wichita,    Kan 2,000 

Total  number  of  refineries,  40. 

Estimated   new  capacity,  152,400  bbls. 

Marketed  Petroleum. 

Reports  issued  by  the  Uftited  States 
Geological  Survey  touching  the  arnount 
of  petroleum  marketed  during  the  first 
half  of  1916  indicate  a  slight  decrease 
compared  with  the  corresponding  period 
in  1915.  It  is  difficult  to  account  tor 
any  such  conclusion.  In  fact,  those 
closely  in  touch  with  the  situation  in 
the  middle  west  place  little  credence  in 
the  statement.  It  is  just  possible  the 
figures  are  correct,  taking  the  entire 
country  into  consideration,  but  even  this 
is  doubtful.  The  doubt  is  based  upon 
the  fact  that  there  are  600,000  or  800,- 
000  more  automobiles  now  than  a  year 
ago;  that  refining  capacity  has  been  in- 
creased 50  per  cent  or  more  during  the 
past  12  months;  that  every  refinery  has 
been  running  full  blast;  that  weather 
conditions  have  not  been  more  favorable 
all  over  the  country  to  motor  for  years 
than  they  have  been  this  summer;  and 
the  further  fact  that  the  Mid-Continent 
field  was  able  to  find  a  market  for  its 
entire  crude  output  until  the  volume  ex- 
ceeded 400,000  bbls.  a  day,  whereas  last 
year  millions  of  barrels  of  crude  were 
placed  in  storage  on  a  smaller  produc- 
tion. There  never  has  been  such  a  vol- 
ume of  gasoline  and  motor  fuel  manu- 
factured in  this  country  as  there  has 
been  this  year — and  yet  up  until  this 
time  it  has  practically  all  found  a  mar- 
ket. Only  large  companies  carry  any 
appreciable  amount  of  gasoline  in  stor- 
age. There  is  every  indication  that  the 
figures  of  'Jhe  United  States  Geological 
Survey  are  incorrect.  In  further  evi- 
dence of  this  contention  exports  of  gaso- 
line in  May  of  this  year  were  29,734,789 
gallons  as  compared  with  19,231,753  gal- 
lons in  April.  In  June  exports  of  gaso- 
line jumped  tc  34,651,800  gallons,  or 
almost  twice  as  much  as  in  April,  The 
total  exports  of  gasoline  for  the  fiscal 
year  1916  ending  June  30,  were  287,219,- 
755  gallons,  compared  with  241,008,306 
gallons  in  1915,  and  185,578,776  in  1914. 
These  figures  seem  to  support  the  claim 
of  increased  consumption  of  petroleum 
this  year,  notwithstanding  the  statement 
of  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  refining  of  crude  oil  has  under- 
gone a  remarkable  cuange  during  the 
past  18  months;  probably  a  greater 
evolution  than  has  marked  any  other 
period  of  equal  duration  in  the  history 
of  the  business.  There  have  been  sev- 
eral contributing  causes.  First  of  these 
might  properly  be  named  Gushing,  with 
its  great  supply  of  high  grade  crude. 
This  presented  peculiar  possibilities  to 
refiners.  Second  was  the  remarkable 
growth  of  gasoline  consumption.  This 
necessitated  devising  means  of  produc- 
ing more  motor  fuel  from  crude.  The 
result  has  been  a  larger  quantity  at 
lower  gravities.  But  the  quality  of  these 
lower  gravities  has  been  vastly  im- 
proved. Two  years  ago  the  basic  grav- 
ity of  motor  gasoline  was  60  to  64  de- 


grees. Today  58  gravity  is  most  gen- 
erally used.  Very  little  60-61  gravity 
gasoline  is  sold  any  more.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  is  a  general  tendency  toward 
54  to  56  gravity  gasoline — it  used  to  be 
called  naphtha,  and  is  yet  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  but  it  will  not  be  long  until 
everything  above  50  gravity  will  be 
known  as  gasoline.  The  consumer  of  68- 
70  gasoline  must  pay  25  cents  a  gallon 
at  the  Kansas  or  Oklahoma  refinery. 

The  truth  of  the  matter  is  that  re- 
finers have  suddenly  learned  that  grav- 
ity alone  does  not  make  a  motor  fuel. 
L,ow  gravity  gasoline  cannot  be  used  for 
dry  cleaning,  but  low  (gravity  gasoline, 
properly  treated,  makes  a  better  motor 
fuel.  The  difference  is  in  the  end  point. 
Consumers,  like  refiners,  are  just  begin- 
ning to  appreciate  what  end  point  means. 
The  refiner  is  treating  his  oils  far  more 
intelligently  and  scientifically  than 
formerly,  proving  conclsively  the  need 
and  value  of  a  competent  research  de- 
partment which  is  now  planned,  after 
much  agitation,  by  the  Government.  The 
possibilities  of  petroleum,  it  is  firmly 
believed,  have  only  been  hinted  at. 

Necessity,  we  have  long  been  told,  is 
the  mother  of  invention.  Necessity  drove 
the  refiners  to  a  better  knowledge  of 
the  business  of  refining  crude  oil.  In 
this  field  in  particular,  the  price  of 
gasoline  at  the  factory  has  exceeded  the 
local  selling  price  at  place  of  distribu- 
tion. While  the  manufacturer  was  aoie 
to  sell  his  output  in  distant  fields,  he 
became  concerned  over  the  ability  of  the 
jobber  to  hold  on  until  conditions  ad- 
justed themselves  again;  he  feared  Lhe 
jobber,  like  the  cow  that  learned  to  eat 
sawdust,  would  succumb  about  the  Lime 
conditions  changed  and  the  refiner  need- 
ed him  again  for  a  marketer. 

So  the  refiner  began  studying  how  he 
could  make  a  lower  gravity  gasoline 
that  he  could  sell  the  jobber  at  a  price 
givimg  him  a  margin  of  profit. 

The  refiner  surprised  himself.  To  his 
amazement  he  discovered  it  was  possible 
to  make  a  57  gravity  product  just  as 
good  as,  or  better  than,  many  60  gravity 
gasolines  placed  on  the  market.  To  il- 
lustrate: Taking  a  40  gravity  Gushing 
crude,  a  first-class  58  gravity  gasoline  is 
made  by  starting  the  initial  at  125  and 
cutting  the  end  point  at  410.  Now  let  us 
suppose  the  initial  of  this  same  treat- 
ment is  140  and  the  end  point  460,  you 
will  secure  a  large  quantity,  but  a  far 
inferior  product.  In  other  words,  a  5& 
gravity  gasoline  as  first  described  above 
is  much  superior  article  than  a  60-61 
with  an  initial  of  130  and  end  point  of 
435.  Today  it  is  possible,  for  instance, 
to  take  a  Cherokee  crude,  less  light  con- 
tent, and  make  a  really  superfine  grade 
ot  57  gasoline  with  end  point  of  360.  The 
gravity  comes  down  quicker.  So  much 
defends  upon  the  boiling  point  that 
(gravity  after  all  is  of  minor  importance 
as  gasoline  is  now  made. 

In  addition  to  this  the  refiner  came  to 
the  necessity  of  furnishing  the  trade 
with  a  low  gravity  product  that  in  ex- 
treme cases  could  be  substituted  for 
gasoline.  This  resulted  in  the  appear- 
ance of  what  has  come  to  be  known  as 
"greaseless  naphtha.  '  It  proved  simply 
one  more  step  in  the  effort  to  save  every- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


thing  in  oil  except  the  smell.  It  was 
found  by  taking  the  steam  still  butts 
and  running  them  through  the  fire  still 
a  very  acceptable  substitute  could  be 
produced.  In  fact,  retailers  found  that 
this  greaseless  naphtha  gave  quite  gen- 
eral satisfaction  as  a  moderate  priced 
motor  fuel.  Large  quantities  of  it  have- 
been  sold  during  recent  months.  All 
greaseless  naphtha  is  not  made  in  this 
manner,  however;  some  is  being  market- 
ed as  low  as  50  gravity.  It  is  claimed 
there  is  very  little  carbon  'and  more 
heat  units  than  in  ordinary  gasoline. 
While  it  may  not  ignite  quite  so  readily 
in  winter  as  high  (gravity  gasoline,  car 
owners  who  used  it  all  last  winter  re- 
port they  had  no  unusual  difficulty  start- 
ing their  cars.  This  product  dries  clear, 
without  any  trace  of  oil,  in  from  10  to 
20  minutes. 

All  this  leads  us  down  to  this  dec- 
laration: That  he  is  an  unwise  refiner 
who  does  not  give  close  attention  to  the 
scientific  development  of  his  business. 
The  impossible  thing  today  may  be  the 
telling  factor  tomorrow.  Webster  tells 
us  history  "abounds  in  false  facts."  He 
could  not  have  spoken  more  truthfully 
if  he  had  ayplicd  his  axiom  to  oil  refin- 
ing. There  is  probably  no  other  great 
and  important  industry  so  imperfectly 
understood.  There  are  great  possibil- 
ities in  it  for  the  trained  young  man  of 
studious  habits  and  possessed  of  engin- 
eering and  investigating  proclivities. 

Unknown  .Land  of  the  Future. 

It  is  not  possible  to  portray  the  fu- 
ture. Two  years  ago  it  was  confidently 
believed  refining  was  being  overdone, 
and  temporarily  there  was  a  flood  of 
gasoline  which  sent  prices  to  ruinous 
depths.  But  that  period  of  depression 
was  of  comparatively  short  duration. 
Then  came  a  few  months  of  record 
prices.  Conditions  the  past  year  have 
not  been  conductive  to  refinery  building. 
It  is  a  recognized  fact  that  new  refiner- 
ies are  not  built  on  high  priced  crude, 
or  when  there  is  a  scarcity  of  crude. 
It  is  a  striking  commentary  that  periods 
of  large  refinery  construction  have  us- 
ually been  contemporary  with  low  priced 
refinery  products.  As  evidence  of  this 
some  15  plants  were  erected  in  tho  Mid- 
Continent  field  during  40-cent  crude,  6- 
cent  gasoline  and  1%-cent  kerosene,  and 
all  old  plants  practically  doubled  in 
capacity.  Since  $1.55  crude  and  20-cent 
gasoline,  it  might  truthfully  be  said 
there  has  been  no  refinery  construction. 
Two  fair-sized  plants  started  before 
crude  reached  $1.55  are  not  yet  com- 
pleted. One  or  two  small  refineries  have 
been  built  but  they  have  not  been  large 
enough  to  materially  affect  the  market. 
It  has  been  almost  impossible  the  last 
year  to  secure  prompt  delivery  of  ma- 
terial. One  1,500-bbl.  plant  has  been  a 
year  building.  Th^n,  too,  there  has  been 
an  almost  unprecendented  shortage  of 
tank  cars.  Men  have  been  afraid  to  em- 
bark in  the  business  for  fear  that  they 
would  not  be  able  to  secure  cars  to  mar- 
ket their  output.  The  Union  Tank  Line 
Co.  placed  orders  months  ago  for  2,000 
additional  cars  and  is  500  cars  behind  in 
delivery.  It  can't  meet  the  demand  for 
cars.  Another  thing  that  deters  refin 


ery  construction  in  times  of  high  crude 
market  is  the  insistance  of  producers 
upon  cash  payment  and  excessive  prem- 
iums, whereas  in  times  of  overproduc- 
tion the  refiner  can  buy  under  the  mar- 
ket at  his  own  terms. 

It  is  undoubtedly  safe  to  say,  taking 
the  business  as  a  whole,  that  refining 
of  crude  oil  in  itself  is  not  an  excep- 
tionally profitable  business.  There  are 
scores  of  plants  that  have  been  operat- 
ing for  many  years  on  a  close  margin 
of  profit.  "Lean  years"  are  so  much 
more  frequent  than  "fat  years,"  that 
the  refiner  finds  himself  constantly 
drawing  upon  the  profits  of  the  "fat 
years"  to  carry  him  over  the  "lean 
years."  The  fabulous  profits  so  much 
talked  of  are  made,  almost  without  ex- 
ception, by  combining  several  branches 
of  the  industry,  such  as  producing,  pip- 
ing, refining,  transporting  in  private 
tank  cars  and  direct  marketing,  and  the 
aggregate  profits,  especially  in  cases  of 
unusual  luck  in  drilling  in  gusher  wells, 
startle  the  observer.  But  remember  this: 
Such  profits  come  only  after  huge  in- 
vestments. The  fortunes  made  in  Mid- 
Continent  refining  were  built  on  solid 
gold  foundations,  representing  millions 
of  dollars.  No  truer  saying  was  ever 
printed  than  this:  "Them  that  has  gits." 
Josh  Cosden  and  Harry  Sinclair  proved 
their  ability  in  oil.  Then  they  could 
command  millions  for  development.  It 
is  true  in  all  things  that  Lake  begets 
like."  "Plant  gold  in  an  oil  field  and 
you  get  a  harvest  of  gold  in  return," — 
if  it's  a  good  season. 

The  Jobbers  Inning1. 

A  impression  prevails  that  1917  is 
going  to  be  the  jobber's  inning  period. 
The  oil  business,  like  many  other  things, 
runs  in  cycles.  Already  refiners  are  be- 
ginning to  hedge  and  prepare  for  an- 
other of  the  inevitable  seasons  of  con- 
gestion and  low  prices.  Why  these  times 
must  come,  no  one  seems  competent  to 
explain,  but  that  they  do  come  is  a  mat- 
ter of  record.  The  strange  thing  about 
it  is  that  the  periods  overlap  each  other 
so  far  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  tell 
when  and  where  one  begins  and  the 
other  ends.  A  year  ago  this  time  gaso- 
line was  a  drug  on  the  market  at  five  to 
six  cents  a  gallon.  Suddenly  there  was  a 
shortage,  and  prices  shot  skyward.  At 
that  time  60-61  gravity  was  called  gaso- 
line. During  the  past  six  months  there 
has  been  a  spectacular  scramble  among 
jobbers  for  gasoline.  Directly  in  the 
midst  of  this  shortage  a  change  is  felt. 
Like  one  laughing  with  joy,  suddenly 
hilled  with  fever.  The  other  day  there 
was  a  dearth  of  tank  cars;  then  all  at 
once  it  is  discovered  there  were  tank 
cars  to  be  had.  Then  there  was  a 
dearth  again.  When  the  crude  market 
was  advancing  by  leaps  and  bounds, 
marketers  of  gasoline  stumbled  over 
one  another  to  place  orders  for  supplies 
for  months  in  advance,  regardless,  al- 
most, of  price.  Later  some  of  these 
same  western  marketers  testified  before 
the  Federal  Trade  Commission  that  they 
were  only  able  to  weather  the  storm  bv 
virtue  of  the  fact  that  they  realized  a 
srofit  on  these  early  orders  as  the  mar- 
cet  afterward  advanced,  and  because  of  • 


i6 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


the  further  fact  that  refiners  sold  them 
gasoline  several  cents  a  gallon  cheaper 
fhan  they  could  sell  it  in  other  markets. 
That,  I  submit,  was  a  magnificent  dis- 
play of  cooperation.  It  cost  some  re- 
finers $10,000  to  $20,000  a  month.  What 
a  contrast  to  those  other  days!  Is  it 
any  wondei  a  kindly  feeling  now  exists 
between  jobber  and  refiner? 

Now  the  crude  market  is  again  over- 
produced; only  50  per  cent  of  the  output 
is  being  taken;  the  price  has  been  cut 
50  cents  a  bbl.;  premiums  have  been 
discontinued — and  jobbers  are  placing 
orders  for  immediate  needs  only.  They 
never  buy  ahead  on  a  receding  market. 
New  refineries  are  springing  up  "every- 
where" in  bewildering  numbers. 

The  effect  of  all  this  is  instantly  no- 
ticeable. In  spite  of  the  tremendous 
demand  so  far  this  summer,  there  is  a 
noticeable  falling  off  in  orders  and  prices 
are  weaker  than  they  have  been  for 
months.  And  directly  in  the  midst  of 
this  unparalleled  time  of  prosperity,  re- 
finers are  beginning  to  curtail  their  runs, 
reduce  their  stocks  and  get  ready  for  a 
season  of  quiet  in  marketing  circles.  The 
refiner  has  learned  his  lesson;  he  is  not 
going  to  hurt  himself  again  by  madly 
overproducing.  The  prompt  action  of 
refiners  in  preparing  for  changed  condi- 
tions is  a  hopeful  sign.  We  contend  that 
the  best  interests  of  the  country  demand 
the  right  to  these  men  to  meet  and  agree 
to  limit  their  ouput  to  the  market. 

Refinery  Overproduction. 

The  writer  confidently  believes  the 
crude  depression  is  going  to  be  of  sliori 
duration.  But  what  effect  is  the  har- 
vest of  new  refineries  going  to  be?  Pres- 
ent refineries  will  be  able  to  overproduce 
the  market  this  winter.  This  is  forc- 
ibly illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  face 
of  the  enormous  consumption  of  gaso- 
line this  year,  some  refineries  are  com- 
peled  to  curtail  operations  when,  under 
ordinary  conditions,  there  would  be  a 
shortage  until  snowfall.  If  refiners  be- 
gin storing  early  this  fall,  there  will  be 
such  an  enormous  amount  of  gasoline 
put  into  tanks  next  winter,  prices  will 
necessarily  be  depressed.  At  present 
the  Roxana  Petroleum  Co.  is  erectiig  a 
10,000  bbl.  plant  at  Gushing;  Cosden  & 
Co.  are  increasing  their  capacity  at 
Tulsa  by  20,000  bbls.  a  day,  which  will 
make  it  the  largest  independent  refinery 
in  the  world,  and  equal  in  size  to  almost 
any  refinery  operated  by  the  Standard 
Oil  Company;  the  Pan-American  Defin- 
ing Co.  is  completing  a  1,500  bbl.  plant 
at  Tulsa;  the  Mid-Continent  Refining 
Co.  is  able  to  start  up  a  new  1,000  bbl. 
factory  at  Boyntoii;  the  Wichita  Inde- 
pendent Oil  &  Refining  Co.  is  doubling 
its  capacity;  the  American  Refining  Co. 
at  Okmulgee  is  installing  additional 
stills  and  in  a  few  weeks  will  have 
more  than  doubled  its  output,  which  has 
heretofore  been  about  2,000  bbls.  a  day 
of  crude;  the  Phoenix  Refining  Co.  will 
soon  have  a  daily  crude  capacity  of 
4,000  bbls.  against  2,000  bbls.  at  present. 
John  T.  Milliken,  who  recently  sold  his 
6,000  bbl.  refinery  at  Vinita,  Okla.,  to  the 
Sinclair  Corporation,  has  completed  ar- 
rangements to  erect  a  10,000  bbl.  "pe- 
troleum distillery"  at  Arkansas  City, 


Kansas.  More  than  100,000  bbls.  refinery 
capacity  will  have  been  added  in  a  few 
months.  The  Standard  Oil  Company  has 
been  installing  Burton  stills  in  all  of 
its  refineries,  largely  increasing  its  out- 
put of  gasoline.  The  Midwest  Refining 
Co.  has  more  than  doubled  its  capacity 
in  Wyoming.  New  plants  have  been 
built  at  Baltimore.  One  is  projected  for 
Philadelphia.  Sinclair  &  Co.  are  to  build 
at  St.  Louis  and  Chicago.  The  Doheny 
interests  are  planning  a  large  refinery  in 
Kansas.  Some  of  these  are  going  to 
scratch  gravel;  they  can't  all  get  Gush- 
ing crude;  those  that  have  to  use  low 
gravity  crude  will  find  it  impossible  to 
compete.  There  will  come  bad  sledding. 
There  will  not  be  enough  high  grade 
crude  to  go  around.  A  year  ago  the  in- 
dependents in  the  Mid-Continent  field 
were  using  86,000  bbls.  of  crude  a  day; 
now  they  are  using  150,000  bbls.  per 
diem. 

This  is  going  to  mean  a  tremendous 
increase  in  gasoline  production  in  1917. 
It  is  going  to  mean  a  large  proportion- 
ate increase  in  gasoline  than  the  same 
still  capacity  would  have  meant  two 
years  ago,  owing  to  the  ability  of  the 
refiner  to  reduce  a  greater  percentage  of 
motor  fuel  than  formerly.  It  would  seem 
certain  that  many  additional  refineries 
at  this  time  must  mean  a  great  overpro- 
duction of  gasoline  next  year,  for,  as 
stated,  unquestionably  vast  quantities  of 
the  product  will  be  placed  in  storage 
during  the  coming  winter  months.  Three 
Mid-Continent  refineries  still  hold  in 
tanks  several  million  gallons  made  dur- 
ing the  lull  of  last  winter. 

The  question  is  whether  the  trade  can 
absorb  the  increase.  That  depends.  If 
price  remains  high,  it  is  very  doubtful; 
if  the  retail  price  recedes,  prodigality  of 
use  will  follow,  and  consumption  will 
increase  accordingly.  There  is  no  ques- 
tion but  the  consumption  per  car  this 
year  is  less  than  it  was  last  year. 
Wasteful  and  lavish  use  are  important 
factors  in  demand.  These  do  not  obtain 
in  periods  of  exceptionally  high  prices; 
they  do  obtain  in  times  of  excessively 
low  prices. 

Percentages   of  Gasoline  Content. 

There  is  a  marked  difference  in  gaso- 
line content  of  various  crudes.  Crude 
from  different  parts  of  the  same  pool 
may  vary  several  degrees.  The  gaso- 
line content  of  crude  in  a  new  pool  may 
decrease  10  per  cent  as  the  production 
of  such  pool  becomes  settled.  For  in- 
stance, some  refiners  are  getting  as  high 
as  30  per  cent  gasoline  at  the  present 
time  from  Gushing  crude,  while  other 
refiners,  securing  their  crude  from  an- 
other part  of  the  same  pool,  are  getting 
as  low  as  22  per  cent.  The  average 
yield  of  gasoline  from  Kansas  crude  last 
year  was  about  12  per  cent.  This  year, 
by  reason  of  the  deeper  sand  oil  pro- 
duced in  Butler  county  embracing  Au- 
gusta and  El  Dorado,  the  average  yield 
in  Kansas  will  be  approximately  18  per 
cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per- 
centage of  gasoline  contained  in  crude 
produced  in  the  various  districts  in  the 
Mid-Continent  field: 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Kansas. 

Per  Cent  of  Gasoline 

Northern  districts  8  to  13 

Montgomery    county    12 

Chautauqua    county     15 

Augusta  15% 

El    Dorado    22% 

Oklahoma. 

Dewey    deep    5% 

Dewey   shallow    12 

Bartlesville  10 

Osage     20 

Ponca    4* 

Cleveland    14 

Gushing    22  to  32 

Boynton 13 

Nowata 15 

Healdton     10 

Blackwell     18  to  20 

In  the  table  below  appears  the  total 
production  of  crude  in  the  various  fields 
in  1915  as  represented  by  the  most  con- 
servative estimate  at  hand.  In  the 
second  column  is  the  estimated  gasoline 
content  in  these  various  fields,  and  in 
the  third  column  is  the  total  amount 
of  gasoline  on  this  percentage  content. 


District. 


Crude    Percent  of 
Bbls.    Gasoline 


Gasoline 
Gallons. 
59,762,388 
76,867,266 
34,171.594 
3,020,005 
30,074,768 

130,943,316 
20,743,612 


New  York  and  Penn    7,114,570  20 

West    Virginia    9,150,866  20 

Southeastern   Ohio   ..    4,068,047  20 

Kentucky    and    Tenn       479,366  15 

Lima    and    Indiana..    3,679,467  18 

Illinois     15,588,493  20 

Kansas   4,115,800  12 

Oklahoma   117,883,115  20 

Gulf    Coast     22,906,779  10           95,908,471 

Texas    Panhandle    ..    5,591,422  18           42,271.150 

Caddo    fields     15,940,393  15          100,424,475 

California    89,768,298  2.5        94,256,712 

Wyoming     5,164,737  20           43,383,790 

Colorado     200,000  15            1,260,000 

Total    301,872,208  1.723,305,629 

According  to  the  foregoing  table,  the 
crude  production  of  the  United  States  in 
1915  was  301,872,208  bbls.  This,  ac- 
cording to  the  estimated  percentage  of 
gasoline  content,  should  have  produced 
1,723,305,629  gallons  of  gasoline.  It  is 
believed  these  figures  are  approximately 
correct. 

It  is  stated  the  total  number  of  auto- 
mobiles registered  in  the  United  States 
in  1915  was  2,400,000.  If  the  estimated 
consumption  of  500  gallons  of  gasoline 
per  car  per  year  is  correct,  the  total 
consumption  of  gasoline  by  automobiles 
alone  in  1915  was  1,200,000  gallons. 

A  table  issued  by  the  Federal  Trade 
Commission  early  this  year  showed  that 
refineries  reporting  to  the  Commission 
for  1915  showed  a  total  gasoline  gallon- 
age  production  last  year  of  1,075,393,150 
gallons.  Assuming  that  all  of  the  crude 
produced  in  the  United  States  was  not 
refined  and  that  all  of  the  refineries  in 
the  United  States  did  not  report  to  the 
Commission,  and  further  that  the  esti- 
mate of  500  gallons  per  car  is  approxi- 
mately correct,  then  the  percentage  of 
gasoline  content,  as  indicated  in  the 
table  above,  is  approximately  correct. 

In  this  connection  the  following  fig- 
ures, showing  the  production  of  gaso- 
line by  months  and  by  both  the  Standard 
and  independent  refineries  reporting  to 
the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  is  il- 
luminating and  of  special  interest: 


Standard 
Companies 
1915.  Gallons. 

January     49,500,619 

February     46,053,843 

March    52,079.421 

April      61,039,714 

May     61,048,885 

June     53,117,943 

July    60,074,304 

August     58,545,829 

September     ....  62,337,332 

October    62,275,051 

November     ....  54,406,103 
December     61,242,672 


Refiners 
Other 
Companies 
Gallons. 
27,162,918 
24,531,091 


30,124,059 
32,936,152 
35,660,139 
35,844,836 
34,366,594 
35,078,242 


Total 
Gallons. 
76,663,537 
70,584,934 
80,904,011 
91,163,773 


88,778,082 
95,919,140 
92,912,423 
97,415,574 


36,093,920 
36,263,545 


90,500,023 
97,506,217 


Totals     681,721,716    393.671,434    1,075,393,150 

In  the  table  below  will  be  found  the 
estimated  amount  of  gasoline  produced 
in  the  United  States  in  the  years  in- 
dicated, according  to  the  census  report, 
the  amount  exported  and  the  amount 
marketed  in  this  country,  measured  in 
barrels  of  42  gallons  each: 

Differ,  or 
Total      Amount     Domestic 

Year.  Prod.      Exp'ted.    Cons'pt'n. 

1899     6,680,000          297,000         6,383,000 

1904     6,920,000          594,000         6,326,000 

1909     12,900,000       1,640,000       11,260,000 

1914     33,800,000       4,750,000       29,050,000 

*1915    36.300,000       6,500,000       29.800.000 

There  was  a  large  amount  of  gasoline 
in  storage  on  January  1,  1915,  and  prac- 
tically none  on  January  1,  1916. 

In  1915,  892,618  cars  were  manufac- 
tured and  sold  in  the  United  States, 
Manufacturers  estimate  there  will  be 
from  1,000,000  to  1,500,000  cars  made  and 
sold  in  this  country  in  1916.  Presuming 
that  the  net  increase,  allowing  for  elim- 
ination of  old  cars,  is  600,000  and  also 
assuming  that  ehe  published  registration 
of  cars  is  actually  2,400,000,  there  ought 
to  be  in  commission  at  the  end  of  1916, 
3,000,000  motor  vehicles  in  the  United 
States.  Three  million  cars  consuming 
an  average  of  500  gallons  each  per  year 
means  a  consumption  of  gasoline  of  1,- 
500,000,000  gallons  a  year.  Adding  to 
this  other  consumption  of  gasoline,  the 
production  must  amount  at  least  to  2,- 
000,000,000  gallons  to  equal  the  demand. 
It  is  believed  these  figures  are  conserva- 
tive. 

The  estimated  crude  production  for 
the  first  half  of  1916  was  placed  at  148,- 
000,000  bbls.  In  other  words,  the  output 
for  1916  so  far  has  been  practically  the 
same  as  1915.  There  is  a  probability 
that  the  second  half  of  1916  will  show 
a  larger  output  than  the  first  half.  In 
1915  the  big  production  was  during  the 
first  half  of  "the  year.  But  a  very  large 
amount  of  crude  in  1915  was  placed  in 
storage.  This  year  so  far  all  the  oil 
produced  is  being  consumed.  This  fact, 
together  with  the  additional  fact  that 
larger  percentages  of  gasoline  are  being 
obtained  by  reason  of  lower  gravity 
motor  fuel,  indicates  clearly  that  there 
will  be  sufficient  gasoline  to  fully,  or 
more  than,  equal  the  demand. 

It  is  safe  to  state  that  had  it  not  been 
for  increased  output  of  gasoline  by  vir- 
tue of  the  Burton  process  and  the  low- 
ering of  gravities  for  a  large  amount  of 
motor  fuel  by  the  old  process  of  distilla- 
tion, prices  of  gasoline  would  have 
gone  much  higher  last  winter.  The  sur- 


iS 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


prise  is,  that,  under  existing-  conditions, 
even,  they  did  not  'go  higher.  Notwith- 
standing the  close  inquiry  of  the  Fed- 
eral Trade  Commission,  no  evidence  of 
unnatural  manipulation  of  price  was 
produced.  The  Commission's  desire  was 
to  ascertain  why  prices  were  so  high, 
but  its  efforts  finally  seemed  to  sift 
down  to  an  investigation  of  why  prices 
were  not  higher  in  the  Middle  States. 

Cracking*  Plants  and  Fuel  Oil. 

Probably  no  other  one  feature  of  the 
refining  industry  has  received  more  at- 
tention from  within  and  without  the  pe- 
troleum industry  than  what  has  come  to 
be  known  as  "cracking."  Almost  every 
refiner,  especially  in  the  middle  west,  the 
past  two  years  has  worked  upon  some 
process  of  greater  precipitation  of  gaso- 
line from  crude  petroleum  or  some  one 
of  its  products. 

The  Burton  process,  patented  by  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  is  so  well  known 
as  to  require  no  detailed  explanation  in 
this  story.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that 
since  the  last  story  on  refineries  from 
this  source  was  printed,  the  Burton  pro- 
cess has  undergone  extensive  changes. 
The  mechanical  equipment  of  a  Burton 
plant  is  not  at  all  like  the  original  in- 
stallation. Every  refinery  owned  by  the 
group  known  as  Standard  Oil  refineries 
is  now  operating  under  the  Burton  pat- 
ent or  is  being  so  equipped.  While  defi- 
nite information  is  lacking,  it  is  under- 
stood there  are  altogether  upwards  of 
2,000  Burton  stills  in  use  in  this  coun- 
try. The  Standard  Oil  Company  of  Kan- 
sas at  its  Neodesha  refinery  has  this 
year  installed  27  additional  Burton  stills, 
giving  it  a  total  of  60  Burton  stills. 
Forty  Burton  stills  are  being  installed 
in  the  refinery  of  the  Continental  Oil 
Co.  at  Casper,  Wyo.,  a  branch  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana.  The 
Bay  way  plant  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany of  New  Jersey  is  putting  in  200 
Burton  stills.  The  Solar  Refining  Co.  at 
Lima,  Ohio,  has  added  90  Burton  stills. 
The  Tidewater  Oil  Co.  at  Bayonne,  N. 
J.,  this  year  is  adding  40  Burton  stills 
to  its  equipment.  The  Standard  Oil 
Company  at  its  Sugar  Creek  station  in 
Kansas  City  is  increasing  its  battery  of 
Burton  stills  and  is  also  adding  a  lubri- 
cating plant  with  special  view  to  mak- 
ing waxes.  The  Whiting  and  Wood  River 
refineries  are  also  largely  increasing 
their  Burton  still  capacities.  The  Stan- 
dard Oil  Company  of  Ohio  is  adding  a 
large  number  of  Burton  stills.  It  is  ex- 
pected the  Standard  Oil  Company  will 
almost  double  its  gasoline  output  before 
the  end  of  the  present  year.  While  the 
Burton  process  is  not  as  satisfactory  a 
method  of  extracting  gasoline  from  pe- 
troleum as  is  desired,  yet  it  makes  pos- 
sible a  very  much  larger  percentage  of 
gasoline  than  the  old  skimming  system. 
At  first  the  Standard  Oil  Company  treat- 
ed only  fuel  oil  and  residuums  by  its 
Burton  process.  It  is  understood  it  now 
handles  not  only  these  but  kerosene  dis- 
tillates, and  averages  about  34  per  cent 
of  55  to  58  gravity  gasoline.  This  is  in 
addition  to  the  18  to  25  per  cent  taken 
from  the  crude  in  the  old  straight-run 
processes.  The  Standard  has  offered  the 
use  of  this  process  to  other  refiners,  but 


it  is  understood  no  other  concern,  out- 
side the  Standard  Oil  group,  has  taken 
advantage  of  the  offer,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  one  of  the  restrictions  is  that  the 
lessee  shall  not  market  any  of  the  pro- 
ducts by  this  process  in  competition 
with  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of  In- 
diana. It  is  interesting  to  observe  that 
notwithstanding  its  investment  in  the 
Burton  process,  the  Standard  promptly 
and  fully  investigates  all  new  processes 
that  appear. 

Numerous  other  processes  have  been 
tried,  but  none  of  them  has  been,  so 
far  as  the  writer  is  informed,  wholly 
successful.  Much  has  been  claimed  for 
different  methods  and  expensive  plants 
have  been  constructed,  but  always  with 
the  same  result.  If  there  are  exceptions 
to  this  statement,  information  concern- 
ing such  plants  has  not  been  made  pub- 
lic, to  the  best  knowledge  of  the  writer. 

Professor  Kelsey  constructed  quite  an 
expensive  plant  in  connection  with  the 
Great  Western  refinery  at  Erie,  Kan., 
and  for  awhile  it  looked  as  if  this  ex- 
periment was  going  to  prove  a  pro- 
nounced success,  but  it  went  the  way  of 
all  others  and  is  now  standing1  idle.  This 
process  embraced  the  use  of  molten 
metal  which  cokefied  the  product  rather 
than  produced  the  desired  results. 

At  the  present  time  the  Wells  Process 
Co.  is  putting  in  a  plant  in  connection 
with  the  Constantin  refinery  at  Tulsa, 
Okla.  It  is  an  imposing  looking  struc- 
ture. 

The  Milliken  Refining  Co.,  Cosden  & 
Co.,  Emery  Manufacturing  Co.,  Bradford, 
Pa.,  Glade  Refining  Co.,  Warren,  Pa.,  and 
a  number  of  other  refineries  have  at  dif- 
ferent times  installed  so-called  cracking 
plants  and  these  are  now  out  of  com- 
mission according  to  the  best  informa- 
tion obtainable. 

The  Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co.,  of 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  which  took  over  the  re- 
fineries of  the  old  Leschen  concern 
known  as  the  Cleveland  Petroleum  Re- 
fining Co.  is  operating  what  is  known 
as  the  Greenstreet  process.  This  is  a 
treatment  by  which  cracking  is  accom- 
plished by  the  use  of  two-inch  coils. 
Carbonization  is  prevented,  it  is  claim- 
ed, by  the  introduction  of  steam.  A 
section  of  coil  was  recently  exposed 
showing  the  interior  to  be  as  smooth  as 
glass  and  no  evidence  of  carbon  what- 
ever. This  company  has  a  plant  at 
Cleveland,  Okla.,  with  a  daily  crude  ca- 
pacity of  650  bbls.  and  is  alleged  to  be 
turning  out  30,000  gallons  a  day  of  what 
is  termed  "greaseless  naphtha."  It  runs 
from  49  to  52  gravity.  At  East  St. 
Louis,  111.,  plant  No.  2  has  a  daily  crude 
capacity  of  1,000  bbls.  and  is  being 
equipped  for  producing  45,000  gallons  by 
the  Greenstreet  cracking  method.  Plant 
No.  3,  also  located  at  East  St.  Louis 
and  which  was  formerly  known  as  the 
Seeger  plant  erected  for  the  purpose  of 
employing  the  so-called  Washburn-See- 
ger  patents  of  cracking,  is  now  equipped 
with  the  Greenstreet  coils  and  is  cap- 
able of  turning  out  about  30,000  gallons 
of  greaseless  naphtha  per  day.  There 
seems  to  be  little  doubt  but  actual 
cracking  takes  place  in  this  process,  but 
it  is  not  claimed  for  the  product  that 
it  is  gasoline.  It  is,  however,  claimed 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


to  be  a  first-class  motor  fuel  and  has 
been  giving-  splendid  satisfaction  wher- 
ever used.  It  is  believed  a  higher  grav- 
ity product,  coming  under  the  head  of 
gasoline,  can  be  made  by  this  method, 
but  whether  economically  and  satisfac- 
torily or  not  has  not  been  demonstrated. 
The  trade  is  quite  skeptical  concerning 
the  efficiency  of  this  process. 

At  the  present  time  Dr.  W.  M.  Cross, 
municipal  chemist  for  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
is  erecting  a  plant  under  his  own  patent 
in  connection  with  the  Rosedale  refinery 
at  Kansas  City. 

The  North  American  Refining  Co.  at 
Pemeta,  Okla.,  in  the  Gushing  field,  in- 
stalled a  Parker  process  plant  several 
months  ago,  but  up  to  the  present  time 
it  has  not  operated  as  satisfactorily  as 
had  been  anticipated. 

A  Kansas  refiner,  who  wishes  his 
name  withheld,  reports  that  he  has  de- 
vised a  method  of  refining  which  is 
going  to  prove  of  vast  importance  at 
least  to  his  company.  "The  only  trouble 
with  it,"  he  says,  "is  that  it  is  so  simple 
nobody  will  believe  in  it  until  shown 
conclusively."  By  this  operation  fuel  oil 
is  treated  without  pressure  or  excessive 
heat  and  a  yield  of  20  per  cent  of  gaso- 
line is  secured  having  an  end  point  of 
380  and  initial  below  100.  This  makes  a 
fine  quality  of  motor  fuel.  At  the  same 
time  this  procedure  turns  out  20  per 
cent  of  lubricating  oil  of  200  viscosity, 
and  50  per  cent  of  38  gravity  gas  oil.  A 
very  peculiar  and  unexplainable  -result 
is  obtained  in  handling  Mexican  crude 
by  this  action.  The  lubricating  oil  has 
a  cold  test  of  zero  and  does  not  require 
pressing.  The  rights  for  the  use  of  this 
process  have  already  been  contracted  to 
at  least  one  other  refinery  which  pro- 
poses to  start  the  installation  of  a  plant 
September  1. 

The  Sapulpa  Refining  Co.,  at  Sapulpa, 
Okla.,  has  installed  a  Wilkins  tone  in 
connection  with  its  refinery,  but  no 
statement  concerning  its  operation  has 
yet  been  given. 

It  is  quite  impossible  to  enumerate 
all  of  the  efforts  put  forth  to  solve  this 
problem.  Many,  many  "processes"  by  as- 
piring chemists  have  been  reported.  Over 
in  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  a  gentleman  has  a 
new  scheme  which  involves  a  revolving 
retort  by  which  he  promises  to  revolu- 
tionize the  trade.  If  some  enthusiast 
came  along  with  a  proposition  to  turn 
his  still,  retort  or  whatever  he  wished 
to  call  it,  over  and  over,  end  for  end,  I 
would  not  dare  to  laugh  at  it.  Some- 
body is  going  to  "discover  the  way" 
and  it  may  look  like  a  joke  when  it 
comes. 

Outside  of  the  Burton  process  nc 
other  cracking  system  has  received  so 
much  attention  as  the  Rittman  theory 
of  breaking  up  the  molecules  of  petro- 
leum products  to  produce  a  larger  vol- 
ume of  gasoline  from  fixed  quantities  of 
crude,  and  yet  no  Rittman  plant  has  yet 
been  placed  on  a  completely  satisfactory 
and  commercial  basis.  Experiments  are 
being  constantly  made,  however,  and  the 
future  of  the  Rittman  patent  is  very 
promising.  Nothing  seems  more  convinc- 
ing of  this  than  the  numerous  attacks 
that  are  being  made  upon  it.  At  least 
one  completely  equipped  Rittman  plant 


19 

is  now  being  erected  by  a  going  refinery. 
There  are  numerous  other  experimental 
plants  in  course  of  construction  which 
may  result  in  enlarged  installation. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  at  no  other  time 
in  the  history  of  the  oil  business  has 
there  been  such  pronounced  expansion 
of  refining  capacity  as  during  the  past 
18  months.  This  has  been  caused  by  the 
tremendous  increase  in  the  consumption 
of  motor  fuel.  At  the  same  time  there 
has  been  a  large  increase  in  the  con- 
sumption of  kerosene  and  fuel  oil.  The 
expectation  is  that  the  time  is  not  far 
distant  when,  by  reason  of  cracking  pro- 
cesses and  improved  carburetors,  kero- 
sene will  command  as  high  a  price  as 
gasoline.  This  is  already  noticeable  in 
some  districts.  The  price  of  kerosene 
has  averaged  a  little  better  the  last 
year  than  the  year  previous  and  is  now 
commanding  in  this  field  three  cents  or 
more  per  gallon.  A  carburetor  has  been 
patented  which,  by  the  use  of  electric- 
ity, heats  kerosene  to  a  degree  that  it  is 
readily  gasefled  and  acts  as  an  excep- 
tionally good  motor  fuel,  the  effect  of 
the  heat  apparently  disposing  of  the 
carbon,  or  at  any  rate  preventing  carbon 
from  gathering  in  the  engine  and  pre- 
venting satisfactory  combustion.  It  is 
understood  that  one  of  the  Standard 
subsidiaries  has  secured  control  of  this 
patent  and  is  preparing  to  push  it  on 
the  market.  If  this  is  true,  it  practically 
guarantees  the  success  of  this  new 
branch  of  outlet  for  kerosene.  When 
there  is  a  firm  market  and  an  adequate 
price  for  kerosene,  the  oil  refining  busi- 
ness will  assume  an  entirely  different 
aspect. 

It  has  been  thought  for  the  last  five 
years  that  the  refining  industry  was  be- 
ing overdone.  Yet  every  year  has  wit- 
nessed a  greater  increase  in  capacity  of 
established  refineries  and  a  larger  num- 
ber of  new  refineries  than  any  succeed- 
ing year.  The  difficulty  is  that  the  busi- 
ness is  becoming  an  industry  very  large- 
ly of  seasons.  In  summer  there  is  a 
tremendous  demand.  In  the  winter  the 
refinery  is  unable  to  dispose  of  its  pro- 
ducts and  unless  a  concern  is  strong  fi- 
nancially, it  cannot  weather  the  dull 
season.  In  other  words,  a  refinery  can 
make  so  much  more  gasoline  during  the 
months  of  restricted  consumption  than 
it  can  possibly  afford  to  store  or  carry 
over,  that  the  business  at  once  becomes 
precarious.  In  this  day  it  is  impossible 
Lo  buy  crude  on  deferred  payments.  Thus 
the  refiner  who  engages  in  the  refining 
business  with  a  capital  of  $200,000,  ex- 
pecting to  put  the  entire  amount  into  a 
efining  plant,  finds  he  is  in  a  serious 
position  when  he  attempts  to  operate 
lis  plant.  He  must  have  an  equal 
amount  or  more  as  working  capital,  and 
ie  will  find  that  he  always  has  on  his 
pooks  a  good  sized  fortune  of  outstand- 
ng  accounts. 

Another  difficulty  that  is  facing  the 
refiner,  with  more  and  more  threatening 
proportions  as  he  grows  in  capacity,  is 
:he  fuel  oil  question.  It  is  only  possible 
to  dispose  of  fuel  oil  so  long  as  it  comes 
n  attractive  competition  with  coal.  The 
wonderful  increase  in  the  production  of 
'uel  oil  has  overstocked  the  market,  and 
he  result  has  been  that  most  of  the 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


20 

time  for  the  past  two  or  three  years  the 
price  of  fuel  oil  has  actually  been  below 
cost.  All  during  the  recent  period  of 
$1  55  crude,  millions  of  barrels  of  fuel 
oil  were  delivered  in  the  Mid-Continent 
field  at  30  cents  a  bbl.  This  is  some- 
thing for  the  man  about  to  embark  in 
the  business  to  think  over. 

Thus  with  fuel  oil  and  kerosene  drugs 
on  the  market,  the  question  of  handling 
a  sufficient  amount  of  gasoline  at  a 
particular  season  of  the  year  to  keep  a 
plant  in  healthy  financial  condition  the 
whole  of  the  year,  is  one  to  tax  the  in- 
genuity of  even  a  clever  business  mani- 
pulator The  man  who  is  most  adroit 
in  this  direction  is  the  man  who  makes 
the  most  conspicuous  success. 

In  this  connection  it  mignt  be  said 
that  there  is  hope  that  the  Government 
will  take  action  to  provide  for  large 
storage  of  fuel  oil  in  its  program  of  pre- 
paredness. It  is  quite  alarming  to  con- 
template what  the  result  would  be  if 
this  country  should  become  engaged  in 
war  with  seme  foreign  nation,  our  coast- 
wise transportation  facilities  put  out  of 
commission,  and  present  stores  of  naval 
fuel  oil  made  inaccessible.  There  are 
not  enough  tank  cars  in  the  United 
States  to  take  care  of  the  business  un- 
der such  conditions.  War  would  na- 
turally interfere  with  the  easy  opera- 
tion of  oil  fields  and  refineries.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  war  vessels  of  this 
country  are  oil  burning.  It  is  reallj 
shocking  to  contemplate  the  embarrass- 
ment of  the  country  in  the  way  of  fuel 
in  case  of  war.  Recently  a  naval  fuel 
oil  board  was  appointed  with  Admiral 
John  A.  Edwards,  retired,  as  chairman. 
This  board  is  making  an  exhaustive 
study  of  the  question  of  providing  the 
navy  with  an  ample  supply  of  fuel.  If 
this  board  acts  promptly,  it  may  be  that 
the  fuel  oil  problem  will  be  solved.  Buy- 
ing fuel  oil  and  storing  it  when  the  mar- 
ket was  glutted  and  the  price  low,  ought 
to  appeal  to  governmental  officials  as 
good  business  procedure.  At  the  same 
time  it  would  be  a  step  along  conserva- 
tion lines  and  would  also  aid  a  great 
industry.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is 
the  possibility  of  some  cracking  process 
becoming  PO  pronouncedly  successful 
that  the  fuel  oil  difficulty  will  solve  it- 
self in  another  direction,  and  the  Gov- 
ernment will  be  up  against  it  more  seri- 
ously for  an  oleaginous  fuel  than  the  re- 
finer is  today  for  a  market. 

A  Business  Peculiar  to  Itself. 

The  petroleum  refining  business  in  the 
United  States  is  growing  with  such 
rapidity  it  is  practically  impossible  to 
keep  record  of  its  development.  While 
it  may  be  a  striking  commentary,  this 
is  illustrated  in  the  fact  that  there  is  no 
complete  record  at  hand  of  the  oil  re- 
fining industry  in  this  country.  Even 
the  Government,  with  all  its  alertness 
where  industrial  interests  are  concern- 
ed, has  no  complete  data  touching  this 
business  that  is  of  such  vital  import- 
ance to  almost  every  other  commercial 
concern  and  to  every  business  office  and 
home  in  the  country. 

Recently  when  prices  of  gasoline  be- 
gan to  soar  a  hue  and  cry  went  up  over 
the  country  against  what  was  said  to  be 


undue  manipulation  of  the  industry.  The 
Government  turned  to  its  various  de- 
partments for  information  only  to  find 
that  there  was  no  information  worthy 
of  the  name  touching  the  progress  of 
petroleum  after  it  left  the  producers' 
tank.  Then  was  witnessed  the  remark- 
able spectacle  of  the  accuser  going  to 
the  accused  for  information  to  indict 
himself.  Since  then  there  has  been  a 
demand  for  a  department  at  Washington 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  gather  and 
disseminate  prompt,  accurate  and  intel- 
ligent information  concerning  the  petro- 
leum industry  in  all  its  branches.  The 
need  of  this  is  no  more  forcibly  illus- 
trated than  the  knowledge  of  the  fact 
that  at  the  present  time  the  meager  in- 
formation which  is  obtainable  through 
Washington  comes  from  various  depart- 
ments antagonistic  to  each  other,  to 
such  an  extent  that  no  information  is 
given  out  until  it  is  hoary  with  age  and 
even  then  with  such  fear  of  treading 
on  each  other's  toes  that  it  is  shorn  of 
much  of  its  intrinsic  value;  all  of  which 
goes  to  prove  the  real  need  of  Congress 
asserting  its  authority  and  creating  a 
single  department  with  ample  authority 
and  sufficient  financial  support  to  make 
its  work  both  comprehensive  and  effec- 
tive. 

During  the  recent  investigation  of 
gasoline  prices  by  the  Federal  Trade 
Commission  a  suggestion  was  made  that 
the  Government  should  make  or  dictate 
the  price  of  petroleum  products.  The 
fallacy  of  such  procedure  is  aptly  il- 
lustrated in  the  slow  movement  of  Gov- 
ernment action  and  the  rapid  movement 
of  affairs  in  oildom.  The  resolution  to 
have  the  oil  business  investigated  first 
passed  Congress  about  two  years  ago 
and  was  instigated  by  operators  in 
Oklahoma  whose  chief  complaint  was 
that  prices  were  entirely  too  low.  Actual 
investigation  was  undertaken  a  few 
months  later,  because  prices  of  both 
crude  and  refined  products  were  declared 
to  be  too  high,  and  now  before  the  Fed- 
eral Trade  Commission  has  announced 
its  findings  and  informed  the  people 
why  prices  of  gasoline  were  too  high, 
prices  are  receding.  In  other  words, 
when  this  investigation  was  first  or- 
dered, there  was  a  tremendous  overpro- 
duction in  the  Mid-Continent  field.  Then 
came  one  of  the  most  pronounced  short- 
ages of  crude  the  Mid-Continent  region 
has  ever  known,  resulting  in  prices  of 
crude  jumping  from  40  cents  a  bbl.  to 
$1.55  a  bbl.,  with  an  added  premium 
of  from  30  cents  to  70  cents  a  bbl.  At 
the  same  time  gasoline  prices  reached 
their  highest  record  in  this  field.  And 
now,  before  the  investigation  is  com- 
pleted, another  overproduction  and  de- 
pression has  overtaken  the  field.  If 
the  Commission  does  not  speed  up,  it 
will  soon  be  required  to  change  about 
face  and  tell  the  people  why  prices  are 
again  so  low,  rather  than  why  they  are 
so  high.  Supposing  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment were  to  fix  the  prices  of  petroleum 
products,  what  would  become  of  the 
petroleum  industry  while  Government 
officials  were  ascertaining  whether 
prices  should  advance  or  recede? 

The   oil  industry  is  peculiar  to  itself. 
There  is  nothing  else  like  it  in  the  un- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


21 


iverse.  It  requires  quick  action.  The 
man  of  indecision  and  the  man  of  slow 
action  never  get  very  far  in  petroleum. 
But  even  though  a  man  makes  mistakes, 
if  he  is  quick,  half  way  intelligent,  and 
plays  the  game  all  the  time,  he  is  almost 
dead  sure  to  come  out  a  winner. 

In  most  other  lines  of  business  condi- 
tions do  not  change  so  rapidly.  Most 
products  of  the  earth  come  either  in 
seasons  or  in  fixed  periods  or  quantities, 
but  this  is  not  true  of  oil.  A  well  that 
is  making  10,000  bbls.  today  may  not 
make  1,000  bbls.  next  week,  and  a  well 
which  may  be  regarded  as  almost  a  fail- 
ure today,  or  a  big  gasser,  may  be  drill- 
ed deeper  tomorrow  and  become  a 
gusher.  But  this  one  thing-  is  true  of 
oil — that  the  very  day  a  lease  begins 
producing,  that  very  day  it  begins  to  de- 
preciate, and  when  once  its  production 
is  gone,  it  is  gone  forever. 

Another  feature  of  the  oil  business  is 
chat  it  is  impossible  to  tell  by  general 
conditions  the  possibilities  of  a  field. 
Authorities  may  figure  weeks  and 
months  ahead  of  the  approximate  yield 
of  wheat,  or  corn,  or  gold,  or  silver  for 
a  particular  year,  but  it  is  practically 
impossible  to  tell  the  probable  output 
of  an  oil  field.  Eight  months  ago  there 
.  was  practically  no  production  in  Butler 
county,  Kansas.  Today  Butler  county, 
Kansas,  is  one  of  the  prominent  oil 
fields  of  the  country,  able  to  produce 
50,000  to  60,000  bbls.  of  high  grade  oil 
a  day.  The  writer  testified  before  the 
Federal  Trade  Commission  in  June  that 
in  his  opinion  the  Mid-Continent  field 
was  facing  an  overproduction  of  crude. 
A  prominenl  pipe  line  official  afterward 
said  he  thought  the  situation  was  over- 
drawn in  the  statement.  Yet  in  July, 
less  than  six  weeks  later,  that  same 
company  had  reduced  the  price  of  crude 
because  there  was  an  overproduction, 
going  to  show  how  rapidly  conditions 
change  and  how  difficult  it  is  to  fore- 
cast them. 

The  Government  is  Interested. 

The  remarkable  increase  in  the  de- 
mand for  gasoline  the  past  two  or  three 
years  has  brought  the  refining  business 
into  prominence  not  only  in  the  finan- 
cial world,  but  in  the  political  world  as 
well,  and  also  has  commanded  the  at- 
tention of  business  interests  every- 
where. Formerly  a  variation  in  the 
price  of  gasoline  affected  the  general 
public  only  indifferently.  Today  a 
change  in  the  price  of  motor  fuel  is 
felt  in  all  lines  of  business  and  pleasure 
throughout  the  entire  country.  Thus  we 
find  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  at 
Washington  investigating  the  price  of 
gasoline,  and  Congress  interesting  it- 
self in  legislation  affecting  the  admin- 
istration of  the  petroleum  business.  A 
great  interest  all  over  the  country  has 
been  taken  in  the  development  of  the 
Rittman  process  by  the  Interior  De- 
partment. Refiners,  through  their  as- 
sociations, have  been  calling  upon  of- 
ficials at  Washington  to  create  a  bureau 
of  petroleum  for  the  purpose  of  gather- 
ing statistical  information  and  supply- 
ing those  interested  with  data  that  is 
now  unobtainable  and  that  is  considered 
important  in  the  manipulation  of  a  great 


industry.  Recently  Congress  authorized 
the  Interior  Department,  through  the 
Bureau  of  Mines,  to  establish  a  number 
of  mining,  experimental  stations  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  in  the  greater  develop- 
ment of  natural  resources.  Director 
Manning,  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines,  has 
planned  to  have  .  one  of  these  experi- 
mental stations  in  connection  with  the 
oil  industry  and  to  be  located  some- 
where in  the  middle  west.  It  will  prob- 
ably be  a  year  before  a  location  is  de- 
cided upon,  but,  when  it  is,  work  on  the 
construction  of  the  same  will  be  pushed 
as  rapidly  as  possible  for  the  attain- 
ment of  early  results.  The  Government 
has  found  that  by  concentrating  the  ef- 
forts of  the  ablest  men  obtainable  along 
certain  lines  and  with  the  aid  of  rep- 
resentatives in  the  industry  throughout 
the  country,  it  has  been  able  to  bring 
about  beneficial  results,  and  Director 
Manning  has  been  so  successful  that  it 
has  been  deemed  wise  to  largely  increase 
the  appropriations  of  his  departments. 
It  will  be  the  intention  of  Mr.  Manning 
to  exploit  petroleum  to  its  greatest  pos- 
sibilities, and  it  is  believed  that  an  ex- 
perimental station  will  prove  of  vast 
importance  to  the  industry.  For  a  year 
or  two  there  has  been  considerable  dis- 
cussion among  independents  of  estab- 
lishing such  a  plant  and  maintaining  it 
themselves,  and  it  is  highly  gratifying 
to  them  to  know  that  the  Government 
is  going  to  take  up  this  work  on  a 
much  broader  and  comprehensive  basis 
than  they  could  hope  to  do  in  a  limited 
co-operative  way.  At  the  present  time 
Dr.  Manning  is  in  the  northwest  decid- 
ing upon  the  location  of  a  mining  ex- 
perimental station.  Four  of  the  largest 
cities  in  the  northwest  are  contestants 
for  the  station.  One  city  has  offered  a 
site  and  a  building.  Another  has  of- 
fered $150,000  cash  in  addition  to  a  site. 
This  gives  a  suggestion  of  the  import- 
ance attached  to  the  location.  It  is  the 
intention  of  the  department  to  locate  the 
oil  experimental  station  where  it  is 
thought  it  can  produce  the  best  re- 
sults. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  noted 
that  the  producers  of  Oklahoma  have  re- 
cently discussed  the  question  of  estab- 
lishing a  .bureau  of  information.  From 
the  writer's  knowledge  of  the  work  being 
done  by  Director  Manning,  he  believes 
that  the  producers,  refiners,  pipe  line 
men  and  marketers  of  petroleum  pro- 
lucts  can  well  afford  to  center  their  ef- 
forts in  support  of  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 
They  can  well  afford  to  insist  upon 
their  representatives  at  Washington  de- 
manding that  all  petroleum  matters  be 
centered  in  the  Bureau  .of  Mines,  and 
that  the  Bureau  of  Mines  be  held  re- 
sponsible. At  the  present  time  the  Bur- 
au  of  Mines  is  carrying  on  experi- 
mental work  and  is  probably  better  in- 
:ormed  than  any  other  department  in 
Washington  on  petroleum  matters,  and 
ret  the  only  statistics  pertaining  to  pe- 
roleum  are  furnished  by  the  Geological 
Survey,  while  investigation  of  petroleum 
matters  is  being  carried  on  by  the  Fed- 
eral Trade  Commission,  and  the  other 
day  $60,000  was  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress for  still  another  department  to 
Juplicate  work  already  being  done  for 


22 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


petroleum.  The  fact  is  all  of  these 
matters  could  be  handled  more  economi- 
cally, more  intelligently  and  more  satis- 
factorily to  those  most  concerned  if  they 
were  centered  in  the  Bureau  of  Mines. 
There  is  great  danger  of  departmental 
jealousies  if  work  of  this  character  is 
riot  concentrated  under  the  supervision 
of  one  department.  The  work  itself  will 
suffer  because  of  indecision  and  fear  of 
overlapping.  No  one  appreciates  more 
than  the  oil  men  themselves  the  need  of 
unprejudiced  information  concerning  the 
oil  industry  for  the  public.  Probably 
there  is  no  other  industry  in  which  the 
men  interested  are  at  so  much  Variance 
with  each  other  because  of  a  lack  of 
information  concerning  the  thing  in 
which  they  have  invested.  In  the  past 
the  industry  has  been  compelled  to  de- 
pend upon  the  data  gathered  and  furn- 
ished by  those  directly  interested.  There 
has  been  no  disinterested  information 
obtainable.  The  time  has  come  when 
the  public  demands  accurate  and  disin- 
terested information  pertaining  to  the 
oil  industry.  When  this  information  is 
obtainable  through  proper  governmental 
agencies,  there  will  be  no  need  of  local 
information  boards. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  Director  Man- 
ning- and  Superintendent  Williams  to 
make  future  petroleum  statistics  of  real 
commercial  value.  The  intrinsic  worth 
of  different  oils  will  be  investigated;  the 
gasoline  and  other  contents  of  crude  of 
one  year's  production  as  compared  with 
other  years'  will  be  made  known;  prog- 
ress in  refining  processes,  etc.,  will  be 
set  forth.  In  other  words,  the  bureau 
will  make  its  annual  statistical  report 
cover  every  phase  of  the  petroleum  busi- 
ness and  make  its  figures  "talk  profit" 
to  those  who  study  them.  In  addition  to 
this,  the  department  will  issue  regular 
monthly  and  quarterly  reports  on  gen- 
eral petroleum  conditions. 

The  refining  branch  of  the  oil  indus- 
try has  been  seriously  affected  by  the 
periods  of  flood  and  famine  of  crude.  He 
has  been  a  shrewd  refiner  who  could 
anticipate  the  sudden  turns  of  the  mar- 
ket; he  has  been  a  fortunate  refiner  who 
could  foresee  the  changes  of  conditions, 
so  that  a  low  crude  market  would  not 
find  him  with  high  priced'  contracts  and 
a  high  refined  market  would  not  catch 
him  with  a  lot  of  time  contracts  at  low 
prices.  He  has  had  no  reliable  data  to 
guide  him.  It  has  been  an  unfortunate 
commentary  that  oil  men  have  rarely,  if 
ever,  profited  by  their  experiences.  There 
has  never  been  an  overproduction  in  the 
Mid-Continent  field  that  producers  were 
willing  to  admit  that  the  same  was  gen- 
eral. Statistics  and  information  were 
conflicting  as  they  are  now.  Producers 
have  never  witnessed  the  gathering  of 
threatening  clouds  that  they  could  not 
convince  themselves  that  there  was  not 
going  to  be  a  storm.  It  would  mean 
millions  of  dollars  to  the  industry  if 
those  who  are  responsible  for  its  devel- 
opment could  simply  profit  by  their  ex- 
periences or  have  some  reliable  source 
of  unprejudiced  information  for  guid- 
ance. Three  years  ago  they  refused  to 
believe  that  the  world  was  not  prepared 
to  absorb  every  barrel  of  oil  that  Gush- 
ing could  possibly  produce,  and  Gush- 


ing was  developed  with  such  rapidity 
that  oil  interests  everywhere  were  af- 
fected by  the  ouput  of  Gushing.  Then 
Gushing  suddenly  receded  and  the  price 
of  oil  in  the  Mid-Continent  shot  up  to 
the  highest  record  in  the  history  of 
this  field.  Then  Kansas  began  to  de- 
velop what  has  the  ear-marks  of  being 
a  great  pool.  Another  flood  seems  to 
have  arrived.  Already  there  has  been 
a  decline  of  50  cents  in  the  crude  mar- 
ket. If  the  producers  of  Butler  county, 
Kansas,  and  at  South  Gushing,  Okla- 
homa, would  discontinue  drilling  for  two 
months  and  permit  the  oil  to  remain  in 
its  natural  reservoir,  there  would  be  no 
further  decline  in  the  market,  but 
rather,  it  is  safe  to  say,  there  would  be 
a  decided  advance.  It  might  be  perti-" 
nently  asked:  Why  should  these  men.be 
permitted  to  ruin  an  industry  simply  t>) 
gratify  the  spirit  of  greed? 

At  the  present  time  representatives  of 
nnother  big  industry  are  endeavoring  to 
prevail  upon  the  powers  that  be  at 
Washington  that  they  should  be  permit- 
ted to  unite  and  prevent,  in  the  spirit 
of  conservation,  an  overproduction  of 
their  commodity.  There  is  plenty  of 
argument  in  support  of  the  contention. 
In  England,  Germany  and  other  coun- 
tries in  Europe  the  output  of  certain 
commodities  is  limited  to  the  needs  of 
the  cpuntry  and  the  natural  supply  is 
conserved  to  this  extent.  In  this  coun- 
try it  seems  to  be  the  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  deny  the  right  to  limit  re- 
sources to  the  needs  of  the  country.  It 
has  been  considered  a  crime  for  two  or 
three  to  get  together  and  say  that  they 
will  not  produce  more  coal,  or  more  oil, 
or  more  copper  'than  the  nation  needs. 
Yet  we  have  the  remarkable  spectacle  of 
the  entire  country  becoming  excited  be- 
cause, for  a  single  season,  the  cotton 
inarket  is  overstocked.  If  it  is  proper 
for  the  Government  to  turn  itself  inside 
out  to  save  the  raisers  of  cotton,  then 
the  Government  should  loan  its  good  of- 
fices to  limit  the  amount  of  oil  to  the 
needs  of  the  people,  for  it  must  be  pat- 
ent to  all  that  the  time  is  not  far  dis- 
tant when  there  will  cease  to  be  enough 
oil  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
people. 

A  Wise  Policy. 

To  this  end  it  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  Prairie  Oil  &  Gas  Co.  has  taken 
very  intelligent  action  to  produce  the 
same  result.  Heretofore  the  Prairie  has 
followed  the  policy  of  extending  its  lines- 
to  new  pools  and  prorating  runs  from 
new  wells  on  old  properties,  so  that 
there  was  no  reason  why  operators 
should  not  proceed  with  drilling  in  new 
pools  in  times  of  depression.  The 
Prairie's  new  policy  is  to  connect  to  no 
new  pools  and  extend  its  connections  tc 
no  new  wells  on  old  leases  while  there  is 
a  flood  of  oil.  It  is  believed  that  the 
company  is  not  violating  any  law  and 
that  it  is  not  acting  in  restraint  of  trade 
in  such  a  course.  There  is  no  law  that 
will  require  any  consumer  to  buy  be- 
yond his  needs,  and  so  long  as  the 
Prairie  Oil  &  Gas  Co.  has  arrangements 
for  all  the  oil  that  it  needs,  it  is  claimed' 
lhat  it  could  not  be  justly  charged  with 
restraint  of  trade.  The  expectation  is; 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


that  this  policy  will  cause  operators  to 
curtail  their  drilling  operations  until 
such  time  as  there  is  a  market  for  their 
product;  and  it  will  steady  prices  and 
hold  them  on  a  legitimate  and  natural 
basis;  that  it  will  conserve  the  supply 
of  crude  oil  and  prevent  unwarranted 
waste;  that  it  will  teach  the  consumers 
of  petroleum  products  to  abstain  from 
prodigality  and  shorten  periods  of  de- 
pression There  seems  to  be  every  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  the  Prairie's  new  policy 
and  nothing  against  it.  It  is  going  to 
mean  in  the  future  steadier  conditions. 

A  bill  has  been  prepared  and  submit- 
ted to  the  United  States  Senate  of  vast 
and  far  reaching  importance.  It  wilv 
mean  as  much  to  other  branches  of  in- 
dustry as  to  oil  interests.  The  convic- 
tion has  been  growing  that  manufac- 
turers ought  to  be  privileged  before  the 
law  to  agree  among  themselves,  ap- 
proved by  some  competent  federal  board, 
to  curtail  output  when  there  is  overpro- 
duction, and  otherwise  to  confer  regard 
ing  business  policies.  But  they  have 
been  afraid  to  do  so  in  face  of  the 
fanatical  opposition  to  business  develop- 
ment. It  must,  however,  be  evident  to 
all  that  wasteful  overproduction  of  a 
valuable  national  resource  is  against 
public  interest. 

This  bill  provides  for  the  creation  of 
an  interestate  trade  commission  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  investigate  contracts 
and'  agreements  in  big  interstate  busi- 
ness, and  ascertain  if  the  same  are 
actually  in  violation  of  the  anti-trust 
act  and  whether  it  is  really  an  unlaw- 
ful restraint  or  monopoly;  that  any  con- 
cern wishing  to  enter  into  an  agreement 
or  contract  may  submit  its  proposition 
to  the  commission  for  approval,  and  if 
approved  such  determination  shall  be 
final  and  conclusive  that  such  undertak- 
ing is  not  in  violation  of  the  anti-trust 
law  and  is  not  an  unlawful  restraint  of 
trade.  Upon  the  finding  by  the  commis- 
sion that  any  agreement  is  unlawful,  the 
commission  shall  serve  notice  on  such 
corporation,  individual,  etc.,  that  such 
agreement  is  unlawful  and  that  all  or 
any  acts  or  things  being  so  done  shall 
cease  and  terminate  and  on  failure  to 
cease  same,  the  commission  shall  certify 
its  findings  to  the  attorney  general  of 
the  United  States.  This  is  what  was  ex- 
pected of  the  Federal  Trade  Commis- 
sion and  what  would  have  vitalized  it. 
There  is  great  need  of  a  trade  advisory 
board.  Business  needs  protection  in  be- 
half of  the  consuming  public.  The 
prosperity  of  the  country  demands  it. 

We  are  surely  coming  to  the  place 
where  the  welfare  of  the  nation  and  the 
general  commonwealth  will  require  that 
business  interests  be  safeguarded 
against  hurtful  attack  as  well  as  being 
regulated  against  public  misuse.  For- 
eign governments  assume  a  protectorate 
over  the  business  interests  of  subjects. 
We  have  assumed  that  all  our  big  indus- 
trials were  outlaws  and  objects  of  prey. 
The  corporate  institutions  within  a  State 
are  the  creatures  of  the  State.  They 
ought  to  be  both  regulated  and  protected 
within  sane  and  reasonable  bounds,  leav- 
ing enough  latitude  to  whet  personal 
ambition. 


There  was  a  time  not  long  ago  when 
there  was  little  public  interest  in  oil  re- 
fining. Now  everybody  is  concerned  in 
the  subject.  Prophets  assert  that  the 
day  is  near  at  hand  when  every  fifteenth 
or  sixteenth  family  will  own  an  auto- 
mobile. Every  automobile  uses  gaso- 
line for  fuel  and  oil  for  lubrication. 
Every  man  who  rides  in  these  cars,  or 
has  his  groceries  or  milk  or  garments 
delivered  in  one,  is  interested  m  the 
price  of  petroleum  products.  More  than 
this  every  farmer  these  days  dreams 
bright  dreams  of  the  future  when  oil 
shall  be  found  on  his  land  to  make  him 
independent.  The  number  of  bankers, 
lawyers,  preachers,  clerks,  women  domes- 
tics, etc.,  who  own  oil  stocks  is  amaz- 
ing. Oil  has  become  IT.  It  is  an  al- 
luring and  seductive  thing.  The  very 
smell  of  it  sets  the  fancy  at  play  with 
conjuied  millions.  The  more  one  studies 
the  subject,  the  more  one  is  amazed  over 
the  very  many  things  made  from  oil 
and  the  great  number  of  ways  it  affects 
every  citizen.  We  doubt  if  any  other 
one  article  works  its  way  so  far  into 
man's  everyday  life.  This  explains  why 
anything  on  oil  is  of  interest  today  to 
newspaper  readers. 

Oil  has  had  its  greatest  growth  since 
the  discovery  of  the  Mid-Continent  field. 
This  is  why  this  field  has  witnessed 
so  many  spectacular  events  in  oil.  Mil- 
lionaires are  made  while  you  wait.  Re- 
fineries spring  up  like  mushrooms. 

Yesterday's  impossibilities  are  the 
trifling  routine  of  today.  The  struggling 
debtor  this  morning  sits  down  to  sump- 
tuous feasts  tonight.  These  are  not 
fairy  tales;  th^y  are  the  experiences  of 
your  neighbor.  You  know  they  are  true. 
You  saw  Josh  Cosden  blinking  at  a  tea 
pot,  which  he  called  a  refinery,  and 
which  the  wind  wrecked.  You  saw  him 
out  there  on  the  plains  at  Bigheart  gaz- 
ing at  the  wreckage,  bereft  of  all  save 
opportunity  and  determination.  That 
was  yesterday.  Today  you  see  him  a 
master  of  industry,  a  millionaire,  di- 
rector of  many  gigantic  enterprises,  liv- 
ing in  a  mansion,  surrounded  by  every- 
thing that  makes  a  charm  of  life.  And 
Josh  Cosden  has  life  all  before  him — a 
magnificent  success  at  35. 

Then  there  is  Harry  Sinclair.  It 
seems  only  the  other  day  he  was  a  drug 
clerk  in  a  small  Kansas  town.  But  Sin- 
clair saw  the  possibilities  in  oil.  He 
recognized  what  thousands  of  others 
failed  to  recognize — that  he  who  uses 
good,  horse-sense  and  judgment  and  acts 
quickly  and  often  cannot  help  winning 
large  stakes  in  oil.  Thus  fixing  this 
firmly  in  his  mind,  he  struck  out.  When 
it  was  necessary  he  chartered  a  special 
train  and  rode  all  night  to  secure  an 
oil  lease — while  others  slept  and  waited 
till  the  morrow. 

At  37  Harry  F.  Sincair  is  a  shining 
example  of  "all  things  come  to  him  who- 
dares  and  hustles."  Head  of  a  $70,000,- 
000  refinery  merger,  projecting  a  pipe 
line  enterprise  that  makes  even  the  men 
of  big  affairs  dizzy,  and  acting  with 
such  rapidity  as  to  keep  everyone  guess- 
ing what  will  come  next,  he  is  a  strik- 
ing figure  in  these  days  of  big  finance. 

Here  are  two  young  men  at  the  head 
of  refinery  enterprises  handling  a  com- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


24 

bined  crude  oil  production  of  over  50,- 
000  bbls.  a  day,  or  more  than  the  daily 
output  of  oil  of  the  entire  country  up  to 
1879 

Thousands  of  others  have  found  oil 
profitable  only  in  less  spectacular  fash- 
ion. It  is  no  wonder  then  that  the  oil 
country  is  feverish  with  excitement  and 
that  millions  of  people  are  looking  to  it 
to  "send  in  their  ship." 

Just  now  the  Mid-Continent  is  the 
El  Dorado  of  oildom.  Someone  has  said 
oil  will  be  exhausted  in  27  years.  That 
was  a  false  alarm.  The  business  is  just 
starting.  No  one  can  tell  where  a  great 
field  may  be  discovered  tomorrow.  In 
the  meantime  interest  is  keen  in  Mid- 
Continent  production  and  refining  and 
new  refineries  are  springing  up  in  most 
unexpected  places. 

There  are  more  active  refineries  in 
what  is  know  as  the  Mid-Continent  reg- 
ion than  in  any  other  one  field  in  the 
United  States.  There  are  41  refineries 
in  Oklahoma,  21  in  Kansas,  three  in 
Missouri  and  three  on  the  Illinois  side 
at  St.  Louis,  making  a  total  of  68  and 
embracing  an  investment  of  approxi- 
mately $30,000,000.  If  present  plans 
materialize,  several  new  plants  will  be 
erected  during  the  coming  year.  When 
it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  there 
was  only  one  small  refinery  in  the  Mid- 
Continent  field  in  1903,  this  is  a  remark- 
able showing.  The  first  independent 
plant  in  the  Mid-Continent  territory  was 
built  by  C.  D.  Webster  at  Humbodlt, 
Kansas,  in  1904,  and  is  now  being  op- 
erated by  the  Miller  Petroleum  Refining 
Co.,  of  Chanute,  Kansas.  Mr.  Webster 
is  now  running  a  refinery  at  Yale,  Okla. 
He  began  his  oil  career  back  in  Massa- 
chusetts almost  half  a  century  ago.  The 
Mid-Continent  field  has  witnessed  the 
most  remarkable  development  of  the  in- 
dependent movement  in  the  history  of 
the  business  and  most  of  this  develop- 
ment has  taken  place  in  the  last  three 
years.  The  growth  of  the  Cosden  com- 
pany has  been  so  rapid  as  to  be  almost 
spectacular,  this  company  now  being  the 
largest  independent  concern  operated  by 
a  single  individual  in  the  world.  The 
Sinclair  merger  promises  to  be  one  of 
the  biggest  things  of  its  kind  in  the 
country.  Mr.  Sinclair  has  startled  the 
oil  world  by  the  announcement  that  he 
is  going  to  build  an  8-inch  pipe  line 
from  Gushing,  Okla.,  field  to  Fort  Madi- 
son, Iowa,  and  Chicago,  111.,  and  erect 
refineries  at  bcth  of  these  points.  This 
simply  shows  the  great  confidence  in  the 
future  of  the  oil  business  and  the  re- 
ward of  shrewdness  and  activity  in  this 
great  field  of  endeavor. 

Refineries  now  projected  will  give  the 
Mid-Continent  field  an  added  daily  capa- 
city of  approximately  100,000  bbls.  Sev- 
eral of  these  are  already  in  course  of 
construction. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  as  re- 
fineries grow  they  prefer  to  have  their 
own  stations  for  distribution.  There 
are  a  great  many  concerns  which  style 
themselves  refining  companies  through- 
out the  country  which  are  not,  in  the 
close  sense  of  the  word,  refining  plants. 
They  blend  lubricating  oils  and  manu- 
facture various  grades  of  greases. 


The  Pierce  Oil  Corporation  owns  and" 
operates  three  large  refineries.  Its  re- 
fining plant  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  was 
erected  in  1891  at  a  cost  of  approxi- 
mately $300,000.  Its  refinery  at  Tam- 
pico,  Mexico,  was  built  in  1898  and  cost 
over  $2,000,000.  In  1913  it  built  a  refin- 
ery at  Sand  Springs,  a  suburb  of  Tulsa, 
Okla.,  at  a  cost  of  about  $875,000.  The 
Pierce  Oil  Corporation  is  a  retail  mar- 
keter in  the  southwest,  having  over  400 
.listributirg  stations  and  owning  some 
500  tank  cars.  Oil  is  supplied  its  re- 
finery at  Sand  Springs,  Okla.,  through 
about  40  miles  of  pipe  line. 

The  Thwing-Evans-Todd  refineries, 
known  as  the  Ponca  Refining  Co.,  Gush- 
ing Refining  Co.  and  Producers  Refining 
Co.,  distill  about  20,000  bbls.  of  crude 
a  day.  All  their  output  is  marketed 
through  jobbers  or  exported. 

The  dazzling  feature  of  Mid-Continent 
oildom  is  the  immensity  of  everything. 
Everything  is  figured  in  millions.  A  re- 
finery handling  only  2,000  bbls.  of  crude 
a  day  is  a  very  modest  institution.  In 
a  little  while  the  field  will  have  10  sepa- 
rate refineries  using  10,000  bbls.  of  crude 
each  a  day.  The  American  Refining  Co. 
at  Okmulgee,  the  Phoenix  at  Tulsa,  the 
Muskogee,  the  Constantin  at  Tulsa,  the 
Oklahoma  City,  Sapulpa,  Cosden,  Lesh, 
Wichita  Independent  and  a  number  of 
others  are  adding  new  stills  and  growing 
rapidly.  Jack  Ryan  was  a  salesman  a 
few  months  ago.  He  decided  to  be  a 
refiner.  It  was  hard  sledding  getting 
started.  Now  he  has  a  plant  at  Boynton, 
is  operating  the  Uncle  Sam  works  at 
Tulsa  under  a  contract  and  is  getitng 
ready  to  start  up  a  leased  plant  at  Kan- 
sas City,  which  had  never  been  operated. 

Just  now  there  is  a  lull  in  oil  affairs. 
But  the  depression  will  be  of  short  dura- 
tion. This  story  of  refineries  will  be  out 
of  date  almost  before  it  is  in  type.  Such 
is  the  rapidity  with  which  the  industry 
is  developing. 

But  it  is  not  all  rosy.  All  along  the 
way  there  are  wrecks.  Some  men  even 
get  into  the  oil  business  who  never  have 
visions  and  who  move  so  slowly  they 
will  be  too  late  for  their  own  funeral 
in  that  day.  They  fail.  But  the  live 
wires! — they  win;  and  their  history  is 
written  in  bright  letters  in  oil. 

Louisiana  and  Texas. 

Louisiana  is  forging  rapidly  to  the 
front  as  an  oil  manufacturing  and  ship- 
ping State  as  well  as  a  petroleum  pro- 
ducing district.  It  already  has  16  re- 
fineries. 

The  Louisiana  Oil  Refining  Co.  oper- 
ates a  1,250  bbl.  plant  at  Gas  Center,  La. 
It  was  established  in  1913.  It  owns 
about  40  miles  of  pipe  line,  has  its  own 
distributing  stations  and  owns  its  own 
tank  cars,  but  does  not  have  a  lubricat- 
ing plant. 

The  figures  showing  the  number  of 
refineries  in  Texas  and  the  approximate 
amount  of  crude  handled  by  them  daily 
will  probably  be  surprising  to  many 
readers  of  oil  data.  There  are  23  refin- 
eries in  Texas  using  approximately  200,- 
000  bbls.  of  crude  a  day.  The  figures  as 
indicated  in  this  report  are  196,800  bbls. 
per  day,  but  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  at  least  one  or  two  of  the  refin- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


eries  are  handling  more  crude  than  this 
report  indicates.  In  addition  to  these 
figures  there  are  16  refineries  in  Louis- 
iana handling  about  42,000  bbls.  a  day. 
The  total  investment  in  refineries  in 
Texas  and  Louisiana  is  approximately 
$55.000,000. 

The  Gulf  Refining  Co.'s  main  plant  is 
located  at  Port  Arthur  and  has  a  charg- 
ing capacity  of  approximately  60,000 
bbls.  a  day.  It  is  stated  this  refinery 
is  running  full  capacity.  The  Gulf  also 
has  a  plant  at  Fort  Worth  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  7,500  bbbls.  and  is  running 
full  blast. 

The  Texas  Co.  is  operating  refineries 
at  Port  Arthur,  28,000  bbls.  a  day;  Port 
Neches,  5,000  bbls.  a  day;  and  at  Dallas, 
12,000  bbls.  a  day;  a  total  approximately 
47,000  bbls.  a  day.  The  Port  Neches 
plant  is  essentially  an  asphaltic  pro- 
ducts plant.  The  Texas  Co.  also  oper- 
ates refineries  at  West  Tulsa,  Okla.,  and 
Lockport,  111.  The  total  investment 
amounts  to  approximately  $37,800,000. 
The  company  retails  through  475  distri- 
buting stations,  and  operates  2,000  tank 
cars.  It  owns  over  1,400  miles  of  pipe 
ine  and  manufactures  lubricating  oils. 

The  Magnolia  Petroleum  Co.  is  treat- 
ing about  25,000  bbls.  a  day  at  its  Beau- 
mont refinery.  It  is  understood  this  is 
being  increased  to  35,000  bbls.  a  day.  At 
Fort  Worth  it  is  handling  12,000  bbls. 
a  day,  and  at  Corsicana  3,000  bbls.  a 
day.  This  company  has  been  increasing 
its  water  shipments  rapidly  of  late.  The 
Magnolia  took  over  the  refinery  at  Corsi- 
cana, Texas,  erected  in  1898,  and  the 
plant  at  Beaumont,  Texas,  erected  in 
1902.  It  has  become  one  of  the  leading 
factors  in  Texas  oil  affairs.  In  1914  it 
erected  a  refinery  at  Fort  Worth,  Texas. 
The  three  plants  in  1915  had  a  daily 
capacity  of  22,000  bbls.  The  company 
operates  about  450  distributing  stations, 
has  about  800  tank  cars,  owns  nearly 
POO  miles  of  pipe  line  to  which  are  con- 
nected almost  2,000  producing  wells,  and 
manufacturers  its  own  lubricants.  The 
company  is  largely  interested  in  the 
southern  part  of  Oklahoma  and  has  a 
pipe  line  from  the  Healdton,  Okla.,  pool 
to  Fort  Worth,  Texas. 

The  Pierce-Fordyce  Oil  Association 
has  a  refinery  at  Fort  Worth,  Texas, 
refining  about  6,000  bbls.  a  day  and  an- 
other at  Texas  City  on  the  Gulf  hand- 
ling about  3,000  bbls.  a  day,  the  capacity 
of  the  lattei  plant  is  being  increased  at 
the  present  time. 

The  Producers  Refining  Co.  at  Gaines- 
vile,  Texas,  owned  by  Messers.  Thwing, 
Evans,  Todd  and  associates  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Ponca  Refining  Co.  at 
Ponca  City,  Okla.,  and  the  Gushing  Re- 
ing  Co.  at  Gushing,  Okla.,  is  handling 
about  12,000  bbls.  a  day,  although  at 
times  its  runs  have  approximated  15,000 
bbls.  a  day.  All  of  the  oil  treated  by 
this  refinery  comes  from  the  Healdton 
pool  in  Oklahoma. 

Pari  of  the  crude  handled  by  the  Gulf 
Refining  Co.,  the  Texas  Co.  and  the  Mag- 
nolia Petroleum  Co.  comes  from  Okla- 
homa. 

The  Panhandle  Refining  Co.  at  Wich- 
ita Falls,  Texas,  recently  built  by  Brown 
and  Jones  of  Independence,  Kansas,  has 
a  capacity  of  2,000  bbls.  a  day.  This 


company  reports  it  is  getting  a  very 
large  percentage  of  gasoline  from  its 
crude. 

The  Wichita  Valley  Refining  Co.  at 
Iowa  Park,  Tex.,  near  Wichita  Falls,  has 
a  capacity  of  about  1,000  bbls.  a  day.  It 
is  planning  on  enlargement. 

The  Dixie  Oil  &  Refining  Co.  at  San 
Antonio,  Tex.,  is  running  1,000  bbls.  a 
day  steadily  and  expects  to  increase  this 
to  2,000  bbls.  a  day  before  the  end  of  the 
year. 

The  Avis-Wood  Refining  Co.  near 
Jacksboro,  Tex.,  is  a  Wells  process  plant 
making  crude  products  from  crude  pro- 
duced at  Sour  Lake.  It  is  also  using 
a  small  quantity  of  oil  from  shallow 
wells  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
refinery.  Another  still  or  two  will  be 
added  to  the  plant  in  the  near  future. 

The  Pure  Oil  Refining  Co.  at  Houston 
Tex.,  began  operations  August  1  and  is 
working  up  approximately  200  bbls.  a 
day  of  Oklahoma  crude. 

The  United  Refining  Co.  at  Beaumont, 
the  Orange  Refining  Co.  at  Orange,  and 
the  Houston  Oil  Co.  at  Houston  have 
been  idle  for  some  time,  the  latter  plant 
having  a  capacity  of  3,000  bbls.  a  day 
and  being  complete  in  every  particular. 
It  is  understood  the  United  Refining 
Co.'s  plant  at  Beaumont,  Tex.,  is  being 
rehabilitated. 

The  Oriental  Oil  Co.,  operating  a  re- 
finery at  Dallas,  Texas,  handles  about 
1,000  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a  day  and  manu- 
factures lubricating  oils.  It  has  its 
own  cars  and  12  or  15  distributing  sta- 
tions. 

The  23,000  bbls.  a  day  of  crude  pro- 
duced in  northern  and  central  Texas  are 
all  handled  by  Texas  refineries.  From 
45,000  to  60,000  bbls.  a  day  of  crude  is 
piped  from  Oklahoma  fields  to  Texas  re- 
fineries. A  large  amount  of  crude  comes 
to  these  refineries  from  Louisiana.  The 
Magnolia  Petroleum  Co.  has  just  begun 
using  about  10,000  bbls.  a  day  of  crude 
from  Goose  Creek. 

The    Rocky    Mountains    and   the 
Pacific   Coast. 

There  are  76  refineries  in  California 
handling,  it  is  estimated,  210,000  bbls. 
of  crude  oil  daily.  The  estimated  gross 
investment  in  these  refineries  is  $81,- 
000,000.  There  are  19  idle  plants  in  Cali- 
fornia. Fifty  per  cent  of  the  crude  oil 
produced  in  California  reduces  about  five 
per  cent  of  gasoline.  The  other  50  per 
cent  does  not  produce  gasoline  at  all 
and  is  manufactured  into  fuel  oil  and 
asphaltic  products.  A  number  of  the 
California  refineries  manufacturing  gaso- 
line have  their  own  distributing  sta- 
tions and  also  a  number  of  them  have 
lubricating  plants. 

The  Easterner  who  thinks  California 
Petroleum  does  not  come  into  competition 
with  him  is  fooling  himself.  In  the  first 
place,  California  has  robbed  Eastern  re- 
finers of  a  tremendous  volume  of  far- 
west  business,  and  more  lately  Wyoming 
has  cut  deep  inroads  into  the  marketing 
arrangements  of  Mid-Continent  refiners. 
It  has  been  said  many  times  that  Cali- 
fornia crude  was  valueless  for  the  manu- 
facture of  gasoline,  and  yet  during  the 
past  few  months  millions  of  gallons  of 
this  product  has  been  shipped  as  far 


26 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


east  as  New  York  in  competition  with 
Eastern  gasoline  in  its  own  markets.  No 
oil  has  yet  been  found  that  has  not  b> 
some  process  yielded  to  the  needs  of  th 
hour.  California  is  a  mighty  petroleum 
factor  and  will  be  for  generations  to 
come. 

It  will  probably  be  surprising  to  many 
Eastern  readers  to  know  that  so  manj 
California  refineries  also  manufacture 
lubricants  and  operate  distributing  sta- 
tions. 

The  Associated  Oil  Co.  operates  two 
refineries,  one  at  Avon,  Contra  Coasta 
county,  and  the  other  at  Gaviota,  Santa 
Barbara  county,  Cal.  The  Associated 
Oil  Co.'s  refineries  are  operated  more 
on  the  same  basis  as  the  Mid-Continent 
refineries  than  most  of  the  so-called  re- 
fineries on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  has  an 
investment  of  approximately  $2,000,000, 
handles  a  daily  average  of  about  12,500 
bbls.  of  crude,  owns  approximately  350 
tank  cars,  has  140  miles  of  pipe  line  to 
which  are  connected  approximately  425 
wells.  It  supplies  its  own  distributing 
stations,  and  is  one  of  the  big  factors 
on  the  Pacific  coast. 

.  The  General  Petroleum  Co.  of  Los  An- 
geles, Cal.,  owns  three  plants,  one  lo- 
cated at  Kerto,  where  road  oil  and  as- 
phalt are  manufactured,  another  at  Ver- 
non  which  has  a  capacity  of  14,000  bbls. 
a  day,  but  is  actually  using  8,000  bbls. 
a  day,  and  one  at  Mojave,  which  is  not 
operating  at  the  present  time.  This  com- 
pany owns  and  controls  200  miles  of 
pipe  line,  to  which  are  connected  ap- 
proximately 250  wells.  It  cuts  the  "tops"' 
and  sells  to  independent  refineries  by 
tank  car  or  pipe  line.  California  re- 
fineries depend  very  largely  upon  the 
railroads  for  their  tank  car  equipment. 

The  Final-Dome  Refining  Co.,  with  a 
refinery  at  Betteravia,  Cal.,  erected  in 
1911,  has  nine  distributing  stations  and 
receives  its  crude  from  60  wells  con- 
nected to  its  own  pipe  line. 

The  Producers  Refining  Co.  at  Kern 
River  (Bakersfield,  Cal.)  operates  a  re- 
finery using  about  500  bbls.  of  crude  a 
day,  and  manufactures  lubricants.  This 
plant  was  built  in  1904  and  is  connected 
to  producing  wells  by  its  own  pipe  line. 
The  Shell  Co.  of  California  last  year 
built  a  refinery  at  Martinez,  near  San 
Francisco.  It  also  manufactures  lub- 
ricants. The  Shell  Co.  operates  the  re- 
finery built  by  the  American  Oriental  Co. 
and  also  the  lubricating  factory  at 
Rodeo  owned  by  Warren  Bros.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  the  Shell  people  have 
leased  the  Trumbull  Refining  Co.'s  plant 
at  Los  Angeles.  The  Shell  Co.  operates 
in  California  its  own  tank  cars  and  is 
now  building  a  refinery  in  Louisiana  and 
another  in  Oklahoma. 

The  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California  owns 
and  operates  seven  refineries — at  Oleum, 
Avila,  Bakersfield,  Brea,  Santa  Paula, 
Orcutt  and  Los  Angeles.  The  first  re 
finery  was  built  at  Oleum  in  1895.  The 
company  now  has  more  than  $3,000,000 
invested  in  refineries  and  total  assets 
of  $57,477,019.  It  handles  25,000  bbls. 
of  crude  oil  a  day,  owns  and  operates 
85  distributing  stations,  more  than  100 
tanks  cars,  1,200  miles  of  pipe  lines,  a 
lubricating  plant,  and  there  are  approxi- 
mately 2,000  producing  wells  supplying 


its  refineries  with  crude  oil.  Its  dis- 
tributing stations  are  chiefly  in  Cali- 
fornia, Arizona  and  Nevada.  It  ships  its 
products  in  its  own  bottoms  to  Europe. 

The  Amalgmated  Oil  Co.  operates  a 
topping  plant  at  Los  Angeles  for  the 
manufacture  of  fuel  oil.  It  does  not 
make  kerosene  or  gasoline. 

Utah,  Colorado  and  Wyoming*. 

There  is  one  small  refinery  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah,  distilling  about  500 
bbls.  a  day.  There  are  three  in  Colorado 
handling  about  5,000  bbls.  a  day,  repre- 
senting an  investment  of  $825,000,  and 
four  operating  plants  in  Wyoming  hand- 
ling approximately  34,000  bbls.  a  day. 

There  are  three  refineries  in  Colorado. 
Two  of  them  are  located  at  Florence  and 
both  are  owned  by  the  Standard  Oil 
Company.  The  United  Oil  Refining  Cb.'s 
plant  was  built  in  1887.  In  1907  a  lub- 
ricating and  wax  plant  was  built  in  con- 
nection with  it. 

The  refining  industry  in  Wyoming  is 
scarcely  yet  in  its  infancy;  in  fact,  it 
is  only  getting  started. 

The  Midwest  Refining  Co.  built  a  re- 
finery at  Casper  in  February,  1912,  with 
a  capacity  of  1,500  bbls.  a  day.  Today 
the  Midwest  is  one  of  the  large  and  im- 
portant independent  refining  concerns  in 
the  country.  The  plant  at  present  con- 
sists of  three  units  and  has  a  daily 

apacity  of  17,800  bbls.  and  is  using 
between  12,000  and  15,000  bbls.  of  crude 
oil  a  day.  There  is  common  belief  that 
the  Midwest  is  owned  by  the  Standard 
Oil  Company.  It  is  asserted  by  govern- 
ment officials,  who  have  investigated  the 
company,  as  well  as  by  officers  of  the 
Midwest,  that  not  a  dollar  of  the  stock 
of  the  Midwest  Refining  Co.  is  owned 
:>y  the  Standard  Oil  Company.  There  is, 
lowever,  a  contractual  relationship  be- 
tween the  Midwest  Refining  Co.  and  the 
Continental  Oil  Co.,  owned  by  the  Stan- 
dard at  Casper.  These  plants  are  on  op- 
posite sides  of  the  road.  The  Contin- 
ntal  Oil  Co.  is  operating  a  Burton 
racking  process.  It  buys  residue  and 
certain  other  products  from  the  Mid- 
west a.nd  sells  back  to  the  Midwest  cer- 
ain  finished  products.  The  Midwest  Re- 
fining Co.  is  at  the  present  time  en- 
gaged in  perfecting  a  Rittman  cracking 
rocess  of  its  own. 

The   Grey  bull   Refining   Co.,   a  branch 

>f   the   Midwest   Refining   Co.,   has    only 

ecently  completed  a  2,000  bbl.  plant  at 

Greybull,    Wyo.      The    capacity    of    this 

•lant   is   now   being   increased.      It    will 

ventually   handle   about   10,000   bbls.    a 

lay.      The    Greybull    owns    10    miles    of 

jipe  line  and  is  connected  to  50  or  more 

wells  in  the  Wyoming  field.    Nearby  the 

tandard    Oil    Company    of     Indiana     is 

oing  to  erect  a  refinery  and  will  engage 

n  another  contractual  arrangement. 

The  Northwestern  Oil  Refining  Co. 
uilt  the  first  refinery  in  Wyoming  in 
909.  It  is  located  at  Cowley  and  is 
ow  handling  about  300  bbls.  a  day  and 
isposes  of  most  of  its  products  through 
he  Mutual  Oil  Co.,  of  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
t  has  pipe  line  connections  to  12  or 
5  wells  which  supply  it  with  crude. 

It  is  not  generally  known,  but  there 
s  a  small  oil  refinery  located  at  Farm- 
ngton,  New  Mexico. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


Illinois. 

The  Central  Defining  Co.  at  Lawrence- 
ville,  111.,  completed  its  plant  in  1908. 
It  runs  3,000  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a  day, 
operates  nearly  300  tank  cars  and  owns 
192  miles  of  pipe  lines  besides  operating 
its  own  wax  plant. 

The  Consolidated  Oil  Refining  Co., 
sometimes  known  as  the  Gasoline  Corp- 
oration, was  recently  organized  at  St. 
Louis  out  of  the  former  holdings  of 
the  Cleveland  Petroleum  Refining  Co. 
(Leschen).  The  new  company  operates 
a  refinery  at  Cleveland,  Okla.,  having  a 
capacity  of  650  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a  day, 
and  two  cracking  plants  at  East  St. 
Louis,  111.  No.  2  plant  at  East  St.  Louis 
has  a  capacity  of  1,000  bbls.  of  crude 
a  day  and  the  company  is  now  engaged 
in  erecting  furnaces  for  turning  out  45,- 
000  gallons  of  motor  fuel  a  day.  No.  3 
plant  at  East  St.  Louis  has  a  capa- 
city for  turning  out  30,000  gallons  of 
motor  fuel  a  day.  The  crude  for  these 
plants  all  comes  from  Oklahoma. 

The  Leader  Refining  Co.  owned  the 
first  refinery  built  in  Illinois.  It  has  a 
capacity  of  about  25,000  bbls.  a  month 
and  is  located  on  the  Pennsylvania  and 
C.  I.  &  W.  railroads  at  Casey. 

The  Indian  Refining  Co.  at  Lawrence- 
ville,  111.,  owns  the  largest  refining  plant 
in  that  State,  aside  from  the  Standard. 
It  handles  about  11,000  bbls.  of  crude 
a  day,  owns  176  filling  stations  and  op- 
erates about  1,200  tank  cars,  owns  250 
miles  of  pipe  line,  has  its  own  lubricat- 
ing -plant,  and  is  connected  up  to  over 
2,200  wells.  It  has  a  large  storage  sta- 
tion at  New  Orleans  and  one  at  Kearney, 
N.  J.  This  company  has  been  making 
remarkable  progress  the  last  years  or 
two. 

The  Wabush  Refining  Co.  is  successor 
to  the  Robinson  Refining  Co.  at  Robin- 
son, 111.  This  company  has  been  mak- 
ing extensive  improvements  during  the 
past  year  and  now  has  an  investment 
of  approximately  $250,000.  It  uses  about 
600  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a  day,  owns  10 
miles  of  pipe  line,  to  which  are  connect- 
ed 275  producing  wells,  and  operates 
its  own  tank  car  system.  The  refinery 
was  built  in  1907  and  a  wax  plant  was 
added  in  1915. 

Pennsylvania. 

There  are  56  refineries  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, according  to  the  best  information 
obtainable,  handling  approximately  110,- 
000  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a  day,  the  total 
valuation  of  which  is  upwards  of  $40,- 
000,000.  Pennsylvania  and  California 
are  almost  a  tie  in  the  number  of  plants 
operating,  but  California  exceeds  Penn- 
sylvania in  the  number  of  barrels  of 
crude  handled  and  in  the  total  valuation 
of  the  investment  in  oil  refineries,  but 
the  valuation  of  the  products  turned  out 
by  Pennsylvania  refineries  exceeds  con- 
siderably that  turned  out  by  California 
refineries.  Most  of  the  refineries  in 
Pennsylvania  manufacture  petroleum 
products,  being-  what  are  known  as 
"complete"  refineries,  whereas  a  major- 
ity of  those  in  the  Mid-Continent  field 
and  in  California  are  merely  "skimming" 
or  "topping"  plants. 

The  Atlantic  Refining  Co.'s  plant  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  is  one  of  the  oldest  re- 


fineries  in  the  United  States.  It  was 
built  about  1862,  or  less  than  three  years 
after  the  completion  of  the  first  well 
ever  drilled  for  oil.  It  uses  about  3,500 
bbls.  of  crude  a  day  and  has  a  lubricat- 
ing plant  in  connection.  The  Atlantic 
Refining  Co.  also  owns  a  plant  at  Point 
Breeze,  Pa.,  which  likewise  is  one  of 
the  oldest  refineries  in  operation.  It 
was  built  in  1866,  or  just  after  the  close 
of  the  war.  This  plant  handles  about 
35,000  bbls.  of  crude  a  day.  It  operates 
a  lubricating  plant  ki  connection.  The 
Atlantic  Refining  Co.  also  operates  a 
plant  at  Franklin,  Pa.,  known  as  the 
Eclipse  Oil  Works,  which  was  built  in 
1872.  This  plant  handles  about  8,000 
bbls.  of  crude  a  day  and  also  has  a 
lubricating  plant.  The  Atlantic  Refining 
Co.  has  more  than  $20,000,000  invested 
in  refineries  and  operates  358  distribut- 
ing stations. 

The  Galena-Signal  Oil  Co.'s  refinery  at 
Franklin.  Pa.,  was  built  in  1869,  having 
been  started  by  Miller  and  Sibley.  It  is 
essentially  a  manufacturer  of  lubricat- 
ing oils. 

A.  D.  Miller  &  Sons  Co.,  of  Pittsburgh, 
operates  a  refinery  having  a  capacity  of 
700  bbls.  a  day,  which  was  built  in  1862. 
This  concern  owns  two  distributing  sta- 
tions and  operates  its  own  tank  cars. 
This  company  also  has  its  own  lubricat- 
ing plant 

The  Butler  County  Oil  Refining  Co., 
formerly  known  as  the  High  Grade  Oil 
Refining  Co.,  owns  a  refinery  at  Bruin, 
which  averages  600  bbls.  of  crude  oil  a 
day  through  its  stills.  It  also  owns  and 
operates  176  miles  of  pipe  line  to  which 
are  connected  about  700  wells. 

The  Clarendon  Refining  Co.  is  operat- 
ing a  refinery  at  Clarendon,  Pa.  The  of- 
fice of  tne  company  is  at  Warren.  It 
owns  six  miles  of  pipe  line  and  the  capa- 
city of  the  plant  is  being  considerably 
enlarged. 

The  Cornplanter  Refining  Co.  is  one  of 
the  complete  organizations  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Its  plant  was  built  at  Warren  in 
1888.  It  owns  its  own  distributing  sta- 
tion, tank  cars,  pipe  line  and  has  its 
own  lubricating  plant.  Its  gathering 
system  consists  of  65  miles  of  pipe  line. 

W.  H.  Daugherty  &  Son  operate  a  re- 
finery at  Petrolia,  Pa.  The  company 
owns  about  20  miles  of  pipe  line. 

One  of  the  best  known  refineries  in 
the  country  is  the  Emery  Manufacturing 
Co.,  of  Bradford,  Pa.  This  refinery 
handles  about  1,200  bbls.  of  crude  a  day. 
There  probably  is  no  other  refinery  of 
this  size  in  the  United  States  to  which 
are  connected  so  many  wells.  The 
Emery  Co.'s  plant  is  connected  by  pipe 
line  to  over  4,000  wells.  For  many  years 
it  has  paid  one  cent  a  bbl.  above  the 
market  quotation.  It  has  a  lubricating 
plant. 

The  Empire  Oil  Works  located  at 
Reno,  Pa.,  was  started  in  1886  and,  ac- 
cording to  the  owners,  it  has  not  stop- 
ped building  yet.  It  has  a  lubricating 
plant.  A.  L.  Confer,  president  of  the 
company,  has  never  aspired  to  run  one 
of  the  biggest  refineries  in  the  country, 
out  one  of  the  best. 

The  Franklin  Oil  Works'  plant  was 
built  at  Franklin,  Pa.,  in  1877.  The 
company  handles  about  300  bbls.  of 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


•crude  oil  a  day  and  gets  crude  from  a 
dozen  wells  in  the  Franklin  natural  lub- 
ricating oil  district.  This  oil  is  selling 
for  over  $4.00  a  bbl.  at  the  well. 

The  Germania  Refining  Co.  at  Oil  City, 
Pa.,  is  installing  a  Rittman  cracking 
process  plant,  as  are  also  the  Midwest 
Refining  Co.  at  Casper,  Wyo.,  and  the 
Indian  Refining  Co.,  at  Lawrenoeville, 
111. 

The  Kendall  Refining  Co.,  at  Bradford, 
I5a.,  is  operated  by  Otto  Koch  and  is  one 
of  the  successful,  enterprising  institu- 
tions of  the  old  McKean  county  field.  It 
owns  its  own  distributing  stations,  tank 
cars  and  pipe  line  system  which  is  con- 
nected to  about  800  wells  and  operates 
a  lubricating  plant.  This  refinery  has 
been  in  operation  since  1882. 

The  Mutual  Refining  Co.  at  Warren, 
Pa.,  has  a  lubricating  plant  for  filtering 
cylinder  stocks,  owns  its  own  pipe  line, 
operates  its  own  tank  cars  and  handles 
about  400  bbls.  of  crude  a  day. 

At  Eldred,  Pa.,  the  Pennsylvania  Oil 
Products  Refining  Co.  erected  in  1913  a 
plant  costing  over  $250,000.  It  handles 
Pennsylvania  oils  exclusively  and  treats 
about  300  bbls.  of  crude  a  day  received 
from  wells  in  that  vicinity  through 
about  50  miles  of  pipe  line  owned  by  it. 
This  company  also  operates  a  lubricat- 
ing- plant,  has  a  number  of  distributing 
stations  and  owns  its  own  line  of  tank 
-cars. 

The  Seneca  Oil  Works  is  located  at 
Warren,  Pa.  The  Seneca  Oil  Works  and 
George  P.  Brockway  are  synonymous. 
This  plant  was  built  in  1893,  owns,  its 
own  tank  cars  and  runs  its  crude  down 
to  lubricants  and  greases. 

Levi  Smith,  Ltd.,  built  a  refinery  at 
Clarendon,  Pa.,  the  Gushing  field,  so  far 
BS  quality  goes,  of  Pennsylvania,  about 
30  years  ago  and  is  still  operating  the 
same.  The  company  has  one  distribut- 
ing station,  a  lubricating  plant  and  op- 
erates its  own  tank  cars. 

The  Tiona  Refining  Co.'s  plant  was 
built  at  Clarendon,  Pa.,  in  1886.  It 
handles  about  12,000  bbls.  of  crude 
monthly  and  has  a  lubricating  plant. 
The  products  of  the  Tiona  Refining  Co. 
are  marketed  through  the  Union  Petro- 
leum Co. 

The  United  Refining  Co.  at  Warren, 
T?a.,  and  the  Elk  Refining  Co.  at  Falling 
Rock,  W.  Va.,  are  operated  under  the 
same  management  with  H.  A.  Logan  as 
president  of  the  former  and  treasurer  of 
the  latter.  The  Warren  plant  was  built 
in  1902  and  has  a  monthly  capacity  of 
12,000  bbls.  The  refinery  has  a  filter 
plant  and  wax  press  and  manufactures 
all  grades  of  lubricating  oils. 

The  Warren  Refining  Co.,  Warren,  Pa., 
is  so  old  that  its  proprietor  gives  its 
"dare  of  birth"  as  "sometime  prior  to 
1890."  It  handles  about  500  bbls.  of 
crude  a  day,  manufactures  lubricants, 
has  two  distributing  stations  and  op- 
erates its  own  tank  cars. 

Maryland. 

Even  Maryland  is  becoming  known  as 
-an  oil  State,  without  a  drop  of  oil  pro- 
duced in  it.  Two  large  new  refineries 
are  now  projected  and  will  undoubtedly 
Tje  -built  at  once.  Crude  for  the  plants 
operated  there  comes  principally  from 


Oklahoma,  Illinois,  the  Gulf  and  Mexico. 

The  Prudential  Oil  Corporation,  whose 
main  office  is  in  New  York  City,  has  re- 
cently completed  the  construction  of  a 
refinery  at  Baltimore  with  a  capacity  of 
nearly  5,000  bbls.  a  day.  There  is  a 
lubricating  and  wax  works  in  connection 
with  this  new  enterprise  and  the  com- 
pany is  operating  approximately  300 
tank  cars. 

The  Inter-Ocean  Oil  Refining  Co., 
whose  headquarters  are  in  New  York,  is 
becoming  a  dominant  factor  in  oil  in 
Maryland.  It  operates  a  large  plant  at 
East  Brooklyn,  controls  the  United 
States  Asphalt  Co.,  and  is  getting  ready 
to  erect  another  large  plant. 

New  Jersey. 

The  Columbia  Oil  Co.  of  New  York, 
operates  a  refinery  at  Bayonne,  N.  J., 
with  a  capacity  of  1,000  bbls.  a  day.  Its 
entire  output  is  sold  for  export.  The 
company  has  its  own  pipe  line  in  the 
Wellsville,  N.  Y.,  field. 

The  Tidewater  Oil  Co.,  whose  main  of- 
fice is  in  N3W  York  City,  operates  a  re- 
finery at  Bayonne,  N.  J.,  erected  in  1879, 
which  represents  an  investment  of  al- 
most $26,000,000.  This  refinery  uses 
from  10,000  to  11,000  bbls.  of  crude  a 
day.  It  owns  1,005  miles  of  trunk  pipe 
line  and  1,570  miles  of  gathering  lines, 
to  which  are  connected  17,264  producing 
wells.  There  is  a  lubricating  plant  in 
connection  with  this  refinery. 

The  Standard  Oil  Company  of  New 
Jersey  has  an  investment  of  $37,000,000 
and  treats  45,000  bbls.  of  crude  a-  day, 
a  great  deal  of  it  from  Oklahoma.  Clus- 
tered around  this  big  plant  are  a  num- 
ber of  other  refineries  whose  oils  and 
gasoline  help  lubricate,  illuminate  and 
circumnavigate  the  globe. 

New   York. 

The  Wellsville  Refining  Co.  operates 
a  plant  at  Wellsville,  N.  Y.  The  com- 
pany is  composed  largely  of  operators  in 
that  field.  It  handles  about  23,000  bbls. 
of  crude  oil  a  month  from  2,200  wells. 
It  is  interested  in  the  Union  Pipe  Line 
Co.  which  operates  300  miles  of  main 
and  gravity  lines  to  which  2,200  wells 
are  connected.  It  has  a  pipe  line  sys- 
tem consisting  of  170  miles  of  line.  The 
company  markets  its  products  through 
the  Union  Petroleum  Co.  by  the  use  of 
its  own  tank  car  system.  It  makes  lu- 
bricants. 

Ohio. 

There  are  10  refineries  in  the  State  of 
Ohio  representing  a  total  investment  of 
approximately  $6,600,000  and  handling  in 
the  neighborhood  of  31,000  bbls.  of  crude 
oil  a  day. 

The  Canfield  Oil  Co.,  which  -operates  a 
refinery  both  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  at 
Coraopolis,  Pa.,  has  recently  erected  a 
wax-  compressing  plant  in  connection 
with  its  Cleveland  works.  This  com- 
pany, besides  doing  a  regular  refining 
business,  conducts  a  large  jobbing  busi- 
ness in  petroleum  products. 

Tennessee. 

Oil  in  small  quantities  has  been  pro- 
duced in  Tennessee  for  many  years,  but 
refiners  have  not  been  attracted  to  that 
State. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


A  small  refining  plant  was  built  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1915  under  the  name 
of  the  Nashville  Refining  Co.  It  is  now 
the  Cumberland  Refining  Co.,  with  a 
capacity  of  400  bbls. 

West  Virginia. 

The  Elk  Refining  Co.,  of  Charleston, 
W.  Va.,  operates  a  refinery  at  Falling 
Rock,  W.  Va.  The  plant  was  built  in 
1914  and  handles  about  400  bbls.  of 
crude  oil  a  day.  The  company  owns  its 
own  tank  cars  and  manufactures  cylin- 
der stocks.  This  plant  handles  about 
10,000  bbls.  a  month,  but  has  no  wax 
plant.  This  company  does  not  market 
its  products  through  its  own  stations. 

The  refinery  at  St.  Marys,  W.  Va., 
formerly  known  as  the  High  Grade  Pe- 
troleum Products  Co.,  is  now  operated 
by  the  Ohio  Valley  Refining  Co.  and  is 
running  about  1,000  bbls.  a  day.  This 
concern  has  become  one  of  the  import- 
ant industries  of  that  town,  having  an 
investment  of  approximately  $750,000. 

Production  and  Consumption. 

Mr.  W.  O.  Coles,  New  York  broker,  in 
a  recent  weekly  review  of  the  oil  situa- 
tion, stated  quite  emphatically,  if  not 
wisely,  (1)  that  there  is  no  overproduc- 
tion of  crude  91!  and  (2)  that  there  are 
enough  refineries. 

Let  me  answer  both  of  his  declarations 
in  one  statement: 

Practically  every  active  refinery  in  the 
country  has  all  the  crude  it  requires  and 
every  consumer  of  gasoline  in  the  coun- 
try finds  his  needs  promptly  supplied, 
while  at  the  same  time  there  is  an  en- 
ormous oversupply  of  fuel  oil  and  kero- 
sene. The  capacity  of  existing  refineries 
is  greater  than  the  crude  production  of 
the  country.  The  same  grade  of  crude 
that  could  scarcely  be  had  at  $2.10  a 
bbl.  a  few  months  ago  is  now  plentiful 
at  $1.25  or  less  a  bbl.  A  producer  who 
believed  Mr.  Coles'  story  went  east  to 
sell  his  production  to  those  refiners  who 
might  need  it.  He  has  just  returned. 
He  did  not  sell  a  barrel.  Every  refiner 
was  supplied.  So  was  all  the  gasoline 
trade  with  motor  fuel. 

Crude  is  going-  into  storage,  with  only 
50  per  cent  of  the  output  being  taken  in 
the  Mid-Continent  field.  In  Wyoming 
hundreds  of  big  wells  have  never  been 
regularly  produced.  In  Louisiana  im- 
mense wells  are  overproducing  the  mar- 
ket. Mr.  Coles  asserts  that  foreign  fields 
are  still  tied  up  and  the  world's  needs 
are  an  indication  that  production  has 
not  passed  consumption.  I  would  re- 
mind Mr.  Coles  that  were  it  not  for  Eu- 
rope's exceptional  demands  there  would 
at  this  moment  be  a  disastrous  overpro- 
duction of  all  refined  products  in  this 
country.  I  would  further  call  to  his  at- 
tention that  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  he 
insists  that  there  is  an  insufficient  num- 
ber of  refineries,  and  in  face  of  the  fact 
the  demand  for  gasoline  this  year  has 
exceeded  all  former  years,  the  price  of 
gasoline  at  this  very  period  of  greatest 
consumption,  the  touring  season  period, 
with  extremely  hot  weather  all  over 
the  land,  has  receded  in  the  Mid-Contin- 
ent field  from  20  cents,  plus,  a  gallon 
to  16  cents  ,and  I  know  of  refiners  who 
have  as  much  as  4,000,000  gallons  of 


high  grade  gasoline  in  storage,  which 
they  have  been  unable  to  move.  Fuel 
oil  is  selling  as  low  as  50  cents  a  bar- 
lel  and  kerosene  at  2%  cents  a  gallon. 
These  are  facts,  not  deductions  and  the- 
ories. It  seems  to  me  they  answer  con- 
clusively Mr.  Coles'  interrogations: 

(1)  Has   production   passed    consump- 
tion? 

(2)  Will  gasoline  prices  slump? 

Both  of  these  are  already  matters  of 
history  so  far  as  the  Mid-Continent  re- 
finer is  concerned. 

But  there  has  been  little  change  in* 
gasoline  prices  to  the  consumer.  There 
have  been  reductions  in  the  tank  wagon- 
price  in  eastern  and  southern  States,  but 
none  in  the  Indiana  territory  up  tu  this 
writing.  The  fact  is  retail  prices,  pre- 
dicated upon  f.  o.  b.  refinery  quotations, 
have  been  too  low  in  the  so-called  In- 
diana territory  and  in  many  instances 
for  several  months  consumers  have  beeit 
buying  gas<Jine  from  local  dealers  at 
less  than  the  local  dealer  could  lay  the 
same  down  at  his  distributing  station. 
I  slated,  in  reply  to  an  interrogation  at 
the  recent  investigation  of  the  Federal 
Trade  Commission,  that  wholesale  prices 
would  have  to  recede  several  cents  a  gal- 
lon before  the  benefit  could  come  to  the 
ultimate  consumer,  for  the  reason  that 
the  consumer  had  been  receiving  his 
consideration  out  of  season.  The  ex- 
planation of  this  extraordinary  situation- 
is  very  easily  and  logically  explained. 
Just  at  the  critical  moment  when  the 
tanks  of  jobbers  and  retailers  were 
empty,  a  great  storm  swept  the  Gulf 
Coast  putting  out  of  commission  for 
30  to  50  days  gasoline  manufacturing- 
and  transporting  facilities.  The  result 
was  markets  supplied  by  these  damaged 
concerns  appealed  frantically  to  the- 
Mid-Continent  refiner  for  supplies  and 
their  needs  were  so  urgent  they  were 
willing  to  pay  almost  any  price.  Tem- 
porarily the  western  jobber  found  it  dif- 
ficult to  buy  gasoline  at  a  price  he  could 
pay.  His  actual  needs  were  supplied  at 
advanced  prices.  This  circumstance 
made  it  appear  there  was  a  tremendous 
shortage  in  productive  capacity.  Yet  in 
spite  of  this  unparalleled  incident  and 
condition,  certain  Mid-Continent  refiners 
have  not  yet  moved  all  the  gasoline  they 
made  and  stored  last  winter,  and  I  am 
willing  to  go  on  record  as  predicting 
that  no  matter  how  many  more  motor 
vehicles  are  put  into  commission  this 
year  or  how  great  demand  favorable 
weather  creates  during  the  balance  of 
this  year,  every  consumer  will  be  able 
to  get  all  the  gasoline  he  requires.  The 
Standard  Oil  Company  has  scores  of 
new  Burton  stills  to  meet  just  such  a 
demand.  Several  Mid-Continent  refiners 
are  prepared  to  increase  their  runs  ma- 
terially when  ever  it  is  necessary.  The 
Mid -Continent  field  is  referred  to  as  the 
dominant  factor  in  refining,  producing 
as  it  does  over  60  per  cent  of  the  coun- 
try's output  of  gasoline. 

Mr.  Coles  says:  "What  has  happened: 
is  that  production  has  caught  up  to  and 
passed  refining  capacity." 

Mr.  Coles  convicts  himself.  Every 
gasoline  requirement  is  being  met;  re- 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


30 

finery  capacity  is  greater  than  produc- 
tion, but  it  is  not  required.  Then  there 
is  an  overproduction  of  crude. 

Again  Mr.  Coles  says:  "Refiners  have 
extended  their  plants  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible and  are  operating  at  capacity 
without  exception." 

We  respectfully  refer  Mr.  Coles  to  the 
number  of  idle  refineries  in  different  parts 
of  the  country.  It  is  evident  there  are 
exceptions.  We  would  also  call  t9  Mr. 
Coles'  attention  that  too  many  oil  re- 
fineries would  be  just  as  disastrous  to 
the  petroleum  industry  as  too  much  cot- 
ton was  to  the  cotton  industry.  It  must 
be  evidence  to  a,ny  student  of  industrial 
economics  that  any  manufactory  that  is 
sufficiently  large  to  meet  all  demands  in 
times  of  greatest  consumption,  would 
overproduce  by  enlargement  or  multi- 
plication. It  must  be  familiar  knowledge 
that  oil  refineries  are  utterly  unable  to 
dispose  of  their  curtailed  winter  output 
and  were  it  not  for  a  heavy  demand  in 
summer,  financial  ruin  would  speedily 
come  to  the  industry. 

Why  look  every  wnlch  way  for  an  ex- 
cuse for  present  weakness  in  the  market, 
rather  than  accept  The  truth  of  overpro- 
duction? Has  it  ever  occurred  to  Mr. 
Coles  and  those  of  like  mind  that  refin- 
ers have  vast  capital  invested,  that  very 
few,  if  any,  of  them  are  out  of  debt  and 
that  the  peculiarities  of  the  business, 
the  every  changing  base  of  supplies,  etc., 
require  never  ending  investment  in  ex- 
tensions and  repairs;  which  could  not 
possibly  be  met  were  there  not  periods 
of  prosperity  and  seasons  of  stock  de- 
pletion? 

It  is  conceded  that  the  industry  is  in 
better  condition  than  it  ever  was  before. 
But  this  condition  has  been  of  brief 
duration.  The  industry  for  a  long  while 
was  headed  for  the  rocks.  It  has  only 
been  a  few  months  that  oil  property  in 
the  middle  west  was  regarded  a  safe  se- 
curity. The  business  is  only  in  its  in- 
fancy. Let  it  get  out  of  its  swaddling 
clothes;  let  it  be  seasoned  for  trials  be- 
fore too  much  is  demanded  of  it.  Be- 
cause fabulous  prices  were  recently  paid 
for  refining  properties  is  not  warrant  for 
the  conclusion  that  all  refiners  are  roll- 
ing in  wealth  and  that  the  public  is 
being  fleeced.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the-^e  plants  have  not  yet  paid  for 
themselves. 

Independent  Oil  Agency. 

In  connection  with  this  story  the  fol- 
lowing list  of  the  members  of  the  In- 
dependent Oil  Producers  Agency  of  Cali- 
fornia will  prove  of  interest  to  the  oil 
fraternity,  especially  in  view  of  the 
close  relationship  of  this  organization  to 
refining  and  marketing  condition  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Amazon  Oil  Co.,  410  Citizens  Bank 
building,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

American  Crude  Oil  Co.,  227  Title  In- 
surance building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

American  Oilfields  Co.,  1012  Security 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

American  Petroleum  Co.,  1012  Security 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Amy  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

Alberta  Midway  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfteld. 
Cal.,  Kern  Co.  Land  Co.  building. 


Altoona  Midway   Oil  Co.,   J.   H.   Fiske,. 
secretary,  Altoona,  Pa. 

Arizona  Petroleum  Co.,  2227  Hobart 
boulevard,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Angelus  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  build- 
ing, Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Betta,  George  A.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 
Black  Jack  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 
B.  H.  C.  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 
Best  Yet  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 
British   Consolidated   Oil   Corporation, 
Ltd.,  Coalinga,  Cal.,  Box  306. 

Boychester  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 
Berry,  F.  C.,  Selma,  Cal. 
Berry  &  Keller,  Federal  Realty  build- 
ing, Oakland,  Cal. 

Bald  Eagle  Oil  Co.,  110  Sutter  street, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

B.  &  B.  Oil  Co.,  Insurance  Exchange, 
San  Francisco,  care  W.  P.  Hammon. 

Boston  Petroleum  Co.,  W.  R.  Wardher, 
manager,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Brad  Oil  Co.,  E.  D.  Taylor,  secretary, 
1212  Dominion  Trust  building,  Vancou- 
ver, B.  C.  • 

Calloma  Oil  Co.,  care  E.  S.  St.  Clair, 
Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Carbo  Petroleum  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal., 
box  34. 

Colm,  W.  W.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.,  R.  F. 
D.  5. 

Cosmo  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 
Cheney  Stimson  Oil  Co.,  860  Merchant 
Natural  Bank  building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Coalinga    Security    Oil    Co.,     924     Van 
Nuys  building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Clampitt,  E.  A.,  200  N.  Lakeshore  ave- 
nue. Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Cresceus  Oil  Co.,  579  I.  W.  Hellman 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

California  Star  Oil  Co.,  1011  Security 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Cauley  Brothers,  Erie,  Pa.,  Box  773. 
Combined  Oil  Co.,  849  Phelan  building, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Circle  Oi;  Co.,  Balboa  building,  San 
Francisco,  Cal. 

Creme  Petroleum  Co.,  61' 5  Market 
street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Coalinga  Nat.  Petroleum  Co.,  310  San- 
some  street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Coaiinga  Four  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 
Coalinga  Unity  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 
Coalinga  Enterprise  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga, 
Cal. 

Coalinga  Homestake  Oil  Co.,  106  W.  F. 
street,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

Call  Oil  Co.,  Fresno,  Cal. 
Confidence   Oil   Co.,    Fresno,   Cal.,   Box 
S67. 

Del  Rey  Oil  Co.,  Union  Savings  Bank 
building,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Dominion  Oil  Co.,  509  Postal  Tele- 
;raph  building,  San  Francisco. 

Dunlop  Oil  Co.,  1002  Crocker  building. 
>an  Francisco,  Cal. 

De  Luxe  Oil  Co.,  Empire  Oil  Co.,  Re- 
•ublic  Oil  Co.,  operating  under  name  of 
Coalinga  Empire  Oil  Co.,  707  New  Call 
tuilding,  San  Francisco. 

Equality  Oil  Co.,  2641  Mission  street, 
>an  Francisco,  Cal. 

Exploration  Oil  Co.,  201  Sansome 
treet,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Essex  Oil  Co.,  332  Pine  street,  rm.  411, 
San  Francisco. 

Ethel  D.  Co.,  Federal  Realty  building, 
Oakland,  Cai. 

Eldorado  Oil  Co.,  Federal  Realty  build- 
ng,  Oakland,  Cal. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


East  Puente  Oil  Co.,  San  Diego,  Cal., 
box  2 si. 

Euclid  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  building, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Empire  Gas  &  Fuel  Co.,  605  Ferguson 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Evinger,  D.  R.,  817  T  street,  Fresno, 
Cal. 

Fox  Oil  Co.,  Lompoc,  Cal. 

Fox  &  Garrett  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfleld, 
Cal.,  R.  F.  D.  5. 

Fail-field  Oil  Co.,  1113  Los  Angeles  In- 
vest, building.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Federated  Oil  Cc.,  care  A.  H.  Liscomb, 
38  E.  Union  street,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

G.  M.  B.  Co.,  care  D.  S.  Ewing,  Fres- 
no, Cal. 

Globe  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  building, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

General  Petroleum  Co.,  1003  Higgins 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Graham,  R.  E.,  Graham  &  Foster, 
Elk  Horn  Oil  Co.,  care  R.  E.  Graham, 
Taft,  Cal.,  box  8. 

Mrs.  Mary  Chamberlain,  309  S.  Third 
street,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

Henrietta  Oil  Co.,  824  Mills  building, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Hondo  Oil  Co.,  617  Merritt  building, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Illinois  Crude  Oil  Co.,  114  Moran  build- 
ing, Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Indian  &  Colonial  Development  Co. 
Ltd.,  Taft,  Cal. 

Jewett  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.,  box 
205. 

Johnson  Oil  Co.,  Union  Nat.  Bank 
building,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Junction  Oil  Co.,  257  Holbrook  build- 
ing, San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Johnson,  S.  A.,  T.  F.  Fox  and  Paul 
Fox,  care  T.  F.  Fox,  Bakersfield,  Cal., 
box  688. 

Kern  Four  Oil  Co.,  521  Consolidated 
Realty  building,  Los  Angeles. 

Kern  Sunset   Oil  Co.,   Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Knob  HiL  Oil  Co.,  1241  I  street,  Fres- 
no, Cal. 

Lakeview  Oil  Co.,  1109  Union  Oil 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Los  Angeles  Kern  Oil  Co.,  1007  Haas 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Lucile  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

March  Oil  Co.,  714  March  Strong 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Manley  &  McGinn,  Federal  Realty 
building,  Oakland,  Cal. 

Mahaska  Oil  Co.,  6919  Hawthorn  ave- 
nue, Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

May  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.  (Vesta 
Lease). 

Manhattan  Midway  Oil  Co.,  1100  Hi- 
bernian building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Maricopa  Natural  Petro.  Co.,  Fresno, 
Ca.,  box  411. 

Marengo  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  build- 
ing, Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Marian  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

M.  P.  Oil  Co.,  care  First  Bank  ot 
Kern,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

M.  K.  X  T.  Oil  Co.,  232  First  National 
Bank  building,  Oakland,  Cal. 

M.  G.  &  P.  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.,  box 
34. 

McCutchen  Brothers,  Maricopa,  Cal. 

Mt.  Diablo  Oil  Mining  &  Development 
Co.,  517  Central  building,  Los  Angeles. 

Miocene  Oil  Co.,  Nevada  Bank  build- 
ing, San  Francisco,  Cal. 


31 

Midway  Peerless  Oil  Co.,  617  Merritt 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Muscatine  Oil  Co.,  809  Angeles  Trust 
building,  Los  Angeles. 

Murray,  M.  H.,  Coalinga,  Cal.     . 

Mercantile  Crude  Oil  Co.,  504  Grant 
building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Mecca  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal»  box 
293. 

Netherlands  Oil   Co.,    Fresno,   Cal. 

Nevada  County  Oil  Co.,  1201  Union  Oil 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Nevada.  Petroleum  Co.,  Crocker  build- 
ing, San  Francisco,  Cal. 

New  S.  F.  Crude  Oil  Co.,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Norse  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  building, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Olema  Oii  Co.,  824  Mills  building,  San 
Franc j sco,  Cal. 

Olig  Crude  Oil  Co.,  2827  La  Salle  ave- 
nue, Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Ojai  Valley  Petroleum  Co.,  207  Homer 
Laughlin  building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Ozark  Oil  Co.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  box 
564. 

Pacific  States  Petro.  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

Patricia  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfleld,  Cal.,  Kern 
Co.  Land  Co.  building-. 

Paraffine  Oil  Co,  Bakers.field,  Cal., 
box  566. 

Parker,  M.  C.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Pacific  Midway  Oil  Co.,  Mills  building, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Penn-Miciway  Oil  Co.,  1024  Baker-  Det- 
weiler  building,  Los  Angeles. 

Perseus  Oil  Co.,  207  S.  Broadway, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Pil9t  Oil  Co.,  607  First  National  Bank 
building,  San  Francisco. 

Pleasant  Valley  Farming  Co.,  27b 
Mills  building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Potomac  Oil  Co.,  care  H.  Myricic.  in- 
ternational Bank  building,  Los  Angles. 

Premier  Oil  Co.,  579  I.  W.  Hellman 
building,  Los  Angeles. 

Pricewell  Oil  Co.,  314  Wilcox  building, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Queen  Oil  Co.,  care  First  Nat.  Bank, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Rambler  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  Bldg., 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Revenue  Oil  Co.,  San  Gabriel  Bank 
"building,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Safe  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

San  Francisco  McKittrick  Oil  Co.,  609 
Monadnock  building,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Seneca  Oil  Co.,  561  Nielsen  avenue, 
Fresno,  Cal. 

Security  Development  Co.,  Bakersfield, 
Cal.,  box  813. 

Shandon  Oil  Co.,  care  Dr.  Alex  Dallas, 
Pine  Brook,  Morris  county,  N.  J. 

Shawmut  Oil  Co.,  Coalinga,  Cal. 

Shear  Petroleum  Co.,  2827  La  Salle 
avenue,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Silver  Tip  Oil  Co.,  care  W.  P.  Ham- 
mon,  Insurance  Exchange,  San  Francisco. 

Snook,  Walter,  Maricopa,  Cal. 

St.  Clair,  L.  P.,  care  E.  S.  St.  Clair, 
Bakersfield,  Cal. 

St.  Clair  &  Jastro,  care  E.  S.  St.  Clair, 
Bakersfield,  Cal. 

St.  Paul  Consolidated  Oil  Co.,  561 
Nielsen  avenue,  Fresno,  Cal. 

Strong  Oil  Co.,  1015  Marsh  Strong 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Spinks  Crude  Oil  Co.,  care  First  Na- 
tional Bank,  Monrovia,  Cal. 

S.  W.  &  B.  Oil  Co.,  928  Merchants 
Exchange  building,  San  Francisco. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 


32 

Tamalpais  Oil  Co.,  149  California 
street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Tejon  Oil  Co.,  43  Redlick  building, 
Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Traders  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  build- 
ing, Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Traffic  Oil  Co.,  616  Union  Oil  build- 
ing, L.OS  Angeles,  Cal. 

T.  W.  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.,  box  34. 

Union  Oil  Co.  of  Cal.,  114  Union  Oil 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

United  Crude  Oil  Co.,  51  Ventura  ave- 
nue. Long  Beach,  Cal. 

U.  S.  Oil  &  Mining  Co.,  Bakersfield, 
Cal. 


Valley  Oil  Co.,  CoaMnga,  Cal. 

Vesta  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Victor  Oil  Co.,  605  I.  N.  Van  Nuys 
building,  Los  Angeles. 

Ward  Oil  Co.,  Fresno,  Cal. 

W.  T.  &  M.  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal.,  box 
34. 

Wilbert  Oil  Co.,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 

Yellowstone  Oil  Co.,  832  Van  Nuys 
building,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

York  Coalinga  Oil  Co.,  607  First  Na- 
tional Bank  building,  San  Francisco. 

Zier  Oil  Co.,  1002  Crocker  building, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States.  33 

Wholesale  Oil  Dealers  and  Lubricating  Oil 
Distributors-United  States 


ALABAMA. 

G    T    "Wofford  Oil  Co 9th  Ave.    and  32nd    bt Birmingham 

Palm  Oil  Co Mobile 

ARIZONA. 

Pratt  Gilbert  Co Phoenix 

Phoenix  Oil  Co 127  N.  1st  St Phoenix 

ARKANSAS. 

Southern  Oil  Co .....Pine  Bluff 

Co-operative  Oil  &   Paint  Co 612  E.  Markham  St Little  Rock 

Gay  Oil  Co 1401  E.  9th  St Little  Rock 

CALIFORNIA. 

Diamond  Oil  Co.    (not  inc.)    202  Broadbury  Bldg Los  Angeles 

H.   V     Gifford    178  N.   Central  Ave 

National  Oil  Co Title  Ins.  Bldg 

Panama  Lubricants  Co 2604  Santa  Fe  Ave 

Paragon  Oil  &  Grease  Co 909  W.   Washington  St. 

Pennant  Oil  &  Grease  Co 178  Central   Ave 

Radiant  Lubricants   Co 955  S.  Alaneda  St 

Sun   Oil   &  Grease  Co 1618  S.  Main  St 

"Tarr   &    McComb    1025  Central  Bldg 

Union  Oil  Co Union  Oil  Bldg 

Samuel   Wigney   505  E.   Second  St 

C.  A.  Welch  2053  Richmond  Ave Oakland 

Sacramento  Oil  Co 800  "J"   St San  Diego 

Silver   Gate   Oil   Co 848  Fourth  Ave 

Southern  Oil   Co 1745  "D"  St 

American  Gasoline  Co Kohl  Bldg San  Francisco 

American  Oil  &   Paint  Co -15th  and  deHare  St 

Associated   Oil    Co Sharon  Bldg 

Bass  Hunter  Paint  Co 144  Davos  St 

Commercial  Petroleum  Oil  Co 268  Market  St 

W.  P.  Fuller  &  Co 148  Stewart  St 

Independent  Oil   Co 224  Poterro  Ave 

J.  R.  McGuffick  148  Stewart  St 

Monarch  Mfg.  Co 215  Ginna  St 

R.   X.  Nason  &  Co 151  Poterro  Ave 

National   Oil   Co 711  Third  St 

Petroleum  Products  Co 350  California  St 

Edward  N.  Read   208  Ninth  St 

Wolverine  Oil   Co 440  Brennan  St 

Whittier  Coburn  Co Howard  and  Beale  St 

COLORADO. 

American   Oil  Processes,  Ltd 230  Majestic  Blvd Denver 

Great  Western  Oil  Co 3450  Fox  St 

Independent  Oil  Co 3600  Klatio  St 

B.  L.  Jones  Merc.  &  Mfg.  Co 1517  Aerophoe  St 

Mountain  Motor  Fuel  Co Temple  Court  Bldg 

E.  E.   Rice   2255  Larimer  St 

United  Oil  Co 608  First  National  Bank  Bldg 

CONNECTICUT. 

Hubbell  &  Wade  Co 506  Water  St .Bridgeport 

Harry  Rider   .'412  Water  St Bridgeport 

'Clinton  Oil  Co 33  Homestead  Ave Hartford 

Post   &  Lester  Co 112  Allyn  St Hartford 

Singer  Oil  Co 72  Edwards  Hartford 

W.  H.   Goodrich  &  Co 91  Warwick  St New  Haven 

Connecticut  Oil  Co 14  Myrtle   Ave Stamford 

Connecticut  Oil  Co 405  S.  Leonard  St Waterbury 

Valley  Oil  Co Middletown 

DELAWARE. 

Penn  Lubricating  Oil  Co 301   Maple  St Wilmington 

Richard  Brewster  Oil  Co 110  Orange  St Wilmington 

Wilmington  Oil  &  Refy.  Co 407  E.  13th  St Wilmington 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

N.   B.  Fails  Lubricating  Co.   .  14th  and  "I"  Sts.,  N.  W Washington 

-Hellman  Oil  Co.    .  ...210   "K"    St.,   S.   W Washington 


34  Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 

FLORIDA. 

Bond  &  Boewes  Co 10  W.   Broadway  Jacksonville 

C.  P.  Hambler  St.  Augustine 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia  Oil  Co S.  Pryor  St.  and  South  Ry Atlanta 

Huguley  Oil  Co Austell  Bldg Atlanta 

Penn  Oil  &   Grease  Co '. 540  Whitehall   St Atlanta 

Peoples  Oil  Co ». Augusta 

Southern  Oil  Co Dixon  and  Philet  Sts Macon 

Criterion    Oil   Co 309  Peachtree  St - Atlanta 

ILLINOIS. 

Aurora  Oil  Co River  and  Elm  Sts Aurora 

C.  S.  McCornack   Aurora 

J.  A.  Loos  513  E.  Illinois  St Bellevlle 

Hanger  &  Maxfleld  Bloomington 

Murray  Medberry  Co Bloomington 

Union  Oil  Co Centralia 

Clinton  Oil  Co Clinton 

Boldt  Oil  Co Elgin 

Sherwood    R."  Moore    370  S.   State  St Elgin 

Pennsylvania  Oil  Co Freeport 

Illinois  Independent  Oil  Co Havana 

C.  V.  Chapman  Oil  Co North  Dixoa  Dixon 

Chas.   Thompson    Johnson  and  Centre  St Jacksonville 

T.   D.  Wilson  Oil  &  Mfg.  Co State  and  Wabash  R.  R Jacksonville 

Bennett  Oil  Co Joliet 

Bartles  Sweney  Oil  Co.  of  Illinois 101  Irving  St Peoria 

Richardson  Lubricating   Co.   ...„ v Quincy 

R.  J.  Bryhn  316  S.  First  St Rockford 

Johnson  Oil  &  Grease  Co Rockford 

Gibson   City   Oil  Co Gibson   City 

Silliams'  Hardware  Co Streator 

Smith  Oil  &  Refining  Co Rockford 

Illinois  Oil  Co 1517   Second  Ave Rock  Island 

Tri-State  Oil  Co.   (not  inc.)   410  Best  Bldg.    Rock  Island 

National   Refining  Co Springfield 

Peoples  Oil  Co 19th  and  Madison  Sts Springfield 

E.   G.    Cooper   Sycamore 

Warren   Oil  Co Warren 

Waukegan  Oil  Co Waukegan 

E.    L.    Hanford Woodstock 

Elmore  Oil  Co Sycamore 

CHICAGO. 

Fred  C.  Adams  Co , 224  S.  LaSalle  St. 

Anderson  &  Gustafson 608  S.   Dearborn   St. 

Bartell  Brothers  529  Plymouth   St. 

Cataract  Mfg.    &  Ref.    Co 327  N.  LaSalle  St. 

Champion  Oil  Co • 623  W.  59th  St. 

Chicago  Oil  Co 140  S.   Dearborn   St. 

Frank  C.   Clark   316  W.   Kinzie  St. 

W.   P.  Collins  &  Co 701  S.    Dearborn  St. 

Consumers'  Mutual   Oil  Co 5033  Kenwood  Ave. 

Crystal  Rock  Oil  Co 3932  Emerald   Ave. 

Cudahy  Refining  Co '. Ill  W.  Monroe  St. 

Davey  &    Co 2608   Grand  Ave. 

Economy  Engineering  Co -. 415  S.  Washtenaw  St. 

Eberhardt  Oil  Co 3915    Keystone   Ave. 

Economy  Oil  &  Compound  Co 542  W.  13th  St. 

J.    P.   Murray  &  Co 222  N.  Wabash  Ave. 

The  Moody  Co 608  S.   Dearborn  St. 

English  Chemical  Co 2228  Cottage  Grove  Ave. 

P.   Bakelund 3142  LaSalle  St. 

Federal    Lubricants   Co 125  W.  46th  St. 

Frazer  Lubricant  Co 3921  Normal  Ave. 

A.  W.   Harris  Oil  Co 143  N.   Wabash  Ave. 

E.  J.   Hibner  Oil  Co 1322  W.  Division  St. 

Home  Oil  Co 76  W.  Adams  St. 

E.   F.   Houghton  &  Co 157  W.    Lake  St. 

Independent  Oil  &  Supply  Co 140  W.  Van  Buren  St. 

Inter-Ocean  Oil  Co 600  W.   Lake  St. 

Geo.  R.   Jenkins  &  Co 608   S.    Dearborn  St. 

Jowett  &  Sowers  Oil  Co 20  W.  Jackson  Blvd. 

Jobbers  Manufacturing  Co 125  W.   46th  Place 

Keystone  Oil  &  Mfg.  Co Ill  N.  Market  St. 

Oil  Marketing  Co 14  E.   Jackson  Blvd. 

Magie  Bros.,   Inc 110  S.   Clinton  St. 

Merchants  Pure  Oil  Co 1322  Kingsburg  St. 

Wm.  P.   Miller  Co. 2316  S.  Wabash  Ave. 

Monogram  Oil   Co 1549  S.    Michigan  Ave. 

E.   C.   Mulliris  Co 38  S.  Dearborn  St. 

National  Refining  Co 122  S.  Michigan  Ave. 

H.    M.   Paddon   222  N.  State  St. 

Paragon  Refining  Co.   ... 1801  Wentworth  Ave. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States.  35 

CHICAGO— Continued. 

Pensylvania  Oil  Co 170  N.  Halsted  St. 

Reliable  Oil  Co ••• 1754  Belmont  Ave. 

Reliance  Refining  Co W.  34th  and  Iron  Sts. 

Rex  Oil  Co 431   S.   Dearborn   St. 

Riverside  Oil  Co 122  S.   Michigan  Ave. 

Wm    C.  Robinson  &  Son  Co 113  E.  Austin  Ave. 

Shaffer-Smathers  Oil  Co 75  W.  Monroe  St. 

Spiegler  Oil  Co 2150   Fullerton  Ave. 

Star   Oil   Co 441  N.  Halsted  St. 

Sterling  Oil  Co 10  E.  Garfield  Blvd. 

Sullivan  Oil  Co 411   Wells  St. 

Superior  Oil  &  Supply  Co 13  W.  Division  St. 

Union  Petroleum  Co 44th  St.   and  Western  Blvd. 

D.  A.  Stuart  &  Co 29  S.  LaSalle  St. 

Continental  Oil   Products  Co 4103  S.  LaSalle  St. 

Midland  Petroleum  Co Ill  W.  Monroe  St. 

'Triangle   Oil   Co 2428  W.  26th  St. 

Viscosity  Oil  Co 1101  W.  37th  St. 

Warren   Lubricant    Co 161  W.  Austin   Ave. 

-Johnson  Oil  Refining  Co Chicago   Heights 

INDIANA. 

Evansville  Oil  Co 1900  Division  St Evansville 

Madison    Oil  Co Elwood 

Paragon   Oil   Co 1719  E.  Virginia  St Evansville 

Mapel  Oil  Co Greencastle 

Brooks  Oil  Co 1133  S.  Harding  St Indianapolis 

Campbell-Zartman   Oil   Co 2915  Madison  Ave 

Crescent  Oil  Co 520  W.   Wyoming  St 

Miller  Oil  &  Supply  Co 140  S.  Meridan  St 

National  Refining  Co Oliver  Bldg 

Paragon  Oil  &  Supply  Co 1004  E.  Vermont  Ave 

W.   C.   Robinson   &  Son   Co 337  W.  New  York  Ave 

Tiena  Refining  Co 1951  Madison  Ave 

E.  A.   Martins  Co Lafayette 

'Independent   Oil   Co LaPorte 

Independent  Oil    Co Mishawaka 

Central   Oil    Co Montpelier 

Muncie  Lubricating  Co.   (not  inc.)    Muncie 

Harris  Oil  Co Muncie 

South  Bend   Oil  Co 1312  Lafayette  St Muncie 

Terre  Haute  Oil  &  Coal  Co 717  E.  First  St Terre  Haute 

IOWA. 

Alton   Tank  Line   Alton 

Defiance   Oil   Co v Alton 

Audobon    Oil    Co Audobon 

Penn  Oil  &  Supply  Co Burlington 

Cedar  Rapids  Oil  Co Cedar  Rapids 

Monarch  Mfg.  Co 5th  and  llth  Sts Council  Bluffs 

Penn  Consumers  Oil  Co Council   Bluffs 

Federal  Oil  &  Supply  Co Des  Moines 

Gasoline  Supply  Co Des  Moines 

International  Oil  Co Des  Moines 

Riley  Penn  Oil  Co Burlington 

Horring  Motor  Co Des  Moines 

Waterloo  Chemical  Co Waterloo 

Mount  Pleasant  Oil  Co Mount    Pleasant 

Liberty   Oil   Co Sixth  and  Elm  Sts ..Des  Moines 

Manhattan  Oil  Co S.  Ninth  and  Murphy  Sts Des  Moines 

Metropolitan  Oil  Co S.   and  L.   Bldg Des  Moines 

Iowa  Oil  Co Leeves  a"nd  Charter  Sts Dubuque 

Riley  Davies  Oil    Co Fairfield 

United  Oil  Co.-  Fort    Dodge 

Interstate  Oil  Co Sioux  City 

S.   L.   Collins  Oil  Co Knoxville 

Moberly  Oil  Co Knoxville 

Royal  Oil  Co Marshalltown 

Marshall    Oil   Co Marshalltown 

Shepley  &  Son  Sheldon 

Stoessel  Oil  Works,  Inc Ottumwa 

Penn  Oil  &  Supply  Co '. Ottumwa 

Independent    Co-operative    223  Fourth  Ave Sioux  City 

Gasoline  Supply  Co Sioux  City 

Bartles  Sweney  Oil  Co Waterloo 

Hawkeye  Oil  Co Waterloo 

H.   and   E.   Rouse    Oelwein 

Penna.  Consumers  Oil   Co Des  Moines 

Louis   Kuehnle    Dubuque 

KANSAS. 

Lesh  Oil  Co Arkansas   City 

Pirottee  Oil  Co Beloit 

Central  Oil  Co Beloit 

Wichita  Independent  Oil   Co.    .  Wichita 

Miller  Oil  Co Chante 

Manhattan   Oil  Co Manhattan 

IHoward  Oil  Co Mount    Hope 


36  Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 

KANSAS— Continued 

Golden  Rule   Oil  Co Sharon 

Puritan  Oil   Co Stafford 

Progressive  Oil  Co Hutchison 

Home  Oil  Co Hiawatha 

Kinsley   Oil    Co Kinsley 

Hutchinson   Oil  Co.    (not  inc.)    Hutchinson 

Port  Scott  Oil   Co Fort  Scott 

Mutual  Oil  Co. Lawrence 

Bell  Oil  Co Sylvan  Grove 

Independent  Oil  Co.  (not  inc. ) Marysville 

"E.   E.  Leake  Oil  Co Almena 

Wilhoit  Oil   Co Atchison 

:E.  F.   Jones  Oil  Co Beloit 

C.   A.    Stannard    Emporia 

Independent  Oil  Co Galena 

American  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co Hutchinson 

Hutchinson  Oil  Co Hutchinson 

"Culmer  Chemical  Co Independence 

E.  E.  Leake  Oil  Co Kensington 

W.   H.    Sikes   Leonardville 

Blake    Oil    Co Liberal 

Lesh  Oil  Co Ottawa 

Roy  Turst  Oil   Co Meade 

Quenemo   Oil   Co Quenemo 

Progressive  Oil  Co Topeka 

C.   L.  Brown   Scammon 

Topeka  Oil  Co Topeka 

Peter   Buser Seneca 

Pioneer   Oil   Co Solomon 

Economy  Oil  Co Topeka 

Buser  Bros Wichita 

KENTUCKY. 

Louisville  Chemical  Co Louisville 

Kentucky  Consumers   Oil   Co 37th  and  Bank  Sts Louisville 

"Chas.  C.  Stoll  Oil   Co 815  Fulton  St Louisville 

LOUISIANA. 

Bcnner  Oil  Co Alexandria 

Keystone  Lubricating  Co 610  Chatres  St New  Orleans 

Liberty  Oil  Co.,  Ltd 517  Gravier  St 

Marine  Oil  Co.,   Ltd 760  St.  Charles  St 

'Star   Lubricating   Co 619  Paydras  St 

MAINE. 

Little  &  Goffin  Oil   Co 243  Commercial  St Portland 

Rockland   Oil  Co Rockland 

MARYLAND    BALTIMORE. 

American  Oil  Co. 316  Eutaw  St. 

Baltimore  Oil  Co 110  High  St. 

Columbia   Oil  Co 52  South  St. 

Commercial  Oil   Co 3222  O'Donnell  St. 

Crescent  Oil    Co 602  W.  Pratt  St. 

'Crown  Oil  &  Wax  Co Pratt  and   Eighth   Sts. 

F.  W.   Dryden  &  Co Lancaster  and  Dallas  Sts. 

Maryland  Oil   Co Bank  and  Eighth  Sts. 

Central  Oil  Co Lombard  and  Ninth  Sts. 

Johns  Hopkins  Oil  Co 407  Stewart   Bldg. 

Patapsco  Oil  &   Grease   Co t 109   Cheapside 

Tied   "C"  Oil   Mfg.   Co 410  Keyser  Bldg. 

National  Oil   Co Eighth  near  Bank  Sts. 

Wm.   C.   Robinson  Sons  Co 1403   Theresa   St. 

Sherwood  Brothers   Bank  and  Sixth  Sts. 

Tiona  Oil   &  Grease   Co 207  Guilford  Ave. 

Union  Oil  Co Shot  Tower  Bldg. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Independent   Oil   Co Brockton 

American  Oil  Co Cambridge 

Fred  A.  Tippett  &  Son   119  Pearl  St Cambridge 

Western  Oil   &  Gasoline  Co Dorchester 

Independent  Oil  Co Fitchburg 

E.   A.   Buck  &   Co Palmer 

"Quincy  Oil  Co Quincy 

Capital  Oil  Co Salem 

E.   A.  Buck  &  Co E.   Worcester   St Worcester 

Hisgen  Bros.   &  Co Springfield 

BOSTON. 

Boston  Grease  Co 133  Summer  St. 

Boston  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co 143  Kingston  St. 

Colonial   Lubricating  Co 15  Storer  St. 

"Columbia   Lubricants    Co 128    Massachusetts  Ave. 

Downer  Kerosene  Co 118  W.  First  St. 

Economy  Lubricating  Co 54  High  St. 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States.  37 

E.   F.  Houghton  &  Co 46  Vernhill   St, 

Jenny  Mfg.   Co 8  India  St. 

Hisgen   Bros.   &  Co 611  Belmont  Ave. 

National  Oil  Co Rowes  Wharf 

McLean- Jones  Oil  &  Supply  Co 40  India  Wharf 

Monogram   Oil   Co 127  Massachusetts  Ave. 

Patterson   Lubricating  Co 114  Broad  St. 

Pennsylvania  Oil    Co 53  Munroe  St. 

MICHIGAN. 

Moreland  Bros.   &  Crane  Adrian 

Deen  &  Co 214  Main  St Ann  Arbor 

American  Oil  Co 1320  Majestic  Bldg Detroit 

Central  Oil   &  Gasoline  Co 138  Fort  St 

Greenslade  Oil  Co 40  Jefferson   Ave 

E.  F.  Houghton  Co 96  Bates  St 

Raths  Oil  Co.    (not  inc.)   799  Scotton  Ave , 

White  Star  Refining  Co Avery  St.  G.  T.  R.  R 

The  Great  Western  Oil  Co Webster  St.  and  R.  R Flint 

H.  S.  Goodell  Hancock 

Grand  Rapids  Oil  Co Flint 

American  Oil  Co , Jackson 

Advance  Grease  Co 170  S.   Water  St Jackson 

Independent   Oil  Co Kalamazoo 

White  Lake  Oil  Co Montague 

C.  E.   Stock  Zylite  Grease  &  Oil  Co Port    Huron 

J.  M.  Raths  &  Co Saginaw 

MINNESOTA. 

Marshall  Oil   Co Albert   Lea 

Northern  Oil  Co Breckenridge 

Cornplanter  Lubr.  &  Oil  Co 4706  Grand  Ave Duluth 

National    Refining   Co Mankato 

Grove  City  Oil  Co Grove    City 

W.  H.   Barber  Agency  Co;  1501  Hamline  Ave Minneapolis 

Climax  Western  Oil  Co 2824  Tenth  Ave 

Cornplanter  Oil  Co 2828  Third  Ave 

Crescent  Oil  Co «501  Sukes  Bldg 

Indian  Refining   Co 1  Cedar  Ave 

Interstate  Oil  Co 200  Temple  Court   

Kunz   Oil   Co 12  Tilder  St 

Pure   Oil  Co First  and   15th  Ave 

Penn  Oil   &  Supply  Co 1901  Grand  St.,   N.  E 

Reliance  Oil  &  Supply  Co 218  16th   Ave.,   S 

Superior  Oil  Co 523  Washington  Ave.,  N 

Twin   City   Oil   Co 210  N.  First  St 

Van  Tilburg  Oil  Co 2426  University  Ave.,  S.  W 

St.  Cloud  Oil  Co St.    Cloud 

Bartles   Oil   Co Gilfillian  Blk St.  Paul 

Craig  Oil   Co Eaton  Ave.  &  Morrison  St 

Cornplanter  Lub.  &  Oil  Co Foot  Drake  St 

Independent  Oil  Co Eaton  Ave.  &  Morrison  St 

Manhattan  Oil  &  Linseed  Co Vandolia  &  Wabash  Sts 

H.  K.   Stahl  Co 2314  Wycliffe    St 

Wilhelm   Oil  Co 2361  Hamdon  Ave 

Bartles  Scott  Oil  Co Wilmar 

Winona  Oil  Co Winona 

Hoff  Oil  Co St.  Paul 

MISSOURI. 

Clinton  Oil  Co Clinton 

Joplin  Oil   Co Joplin 

E.   M.   Wilhoit  Oil   Co 12th  and  Missouri  Sts Joplin 

Carthage   Independent  Oil  Co Carthage 

Carthage  Oil  &  Fuel  Co Carthage 

J.  C.  Hildreth  &  Co Carthage 

J.   I.  Keethley   : Center 

Southwest  Missouri  Oil  Co Dexter 

Gate    City   Oil    Co 214  E.  16th  St Kansas  City 

Inter-Ocean  Oil  Co 2009  Baltimore  

Inter-State  Oil  Co Shawnee  and    Baird 

Superior  Oil  Co Genesee  and  Shawnee 

American  Lubricating  Co 1906  Grand  Ave 

Imperial  Oil  Co Genesee  and  Shawnee  

Nourse  Oil   Co 1317  W.   Eighth  St 

Star  Lubricating  Oil  Co 1118  McGee  St 

Stevens  Oil  &  Grease   31st  and  Wyoming  Sts 

Bradley  &  Neal  Fayette 

Auto    Gasoline   Co. 4065  Washington  Ave St.   Louis 

Andrew   Kloeppel  Freeburg 

S.   H.  Woods  Fulton 

Bell    Oil    Co 51  E.   Perry  St St.  Louis 

Star  Oil  Co Harrisonville 

Independent  Oil  &  Mdse.  Co St.    Louis 

Crowley  Guibert  Oil  Co Kansas  City 

P.  G.  Anderson Kearney 

Continental  Oil  Co 426  E.   Theresa  St St.  Louis 

Merchants  Oil  Co Kennett 


38  Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 

MISSOURI— Continued. 

Crescent  Oil   &  Supply  Co 203  N.  Main  St St.  Louis- 

W.    C.   Khans Knobnoster 

A.  D.  Farmer  Lockwood 

Independent  Oil  Co Maryville 

Gibbs-Brown  Oil  &  Gasoline  Oo 500  S.  Theresa  St St.  Louis 

Central  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co ...St.  Joseph 

St.  Joseph  Viscosity  Oil  Co St.  Joseph 

Great    Western   Oil   Works    823  N.  Levee  St.  .: St.  Louis 

Morlight  Oil  Co Sedalia 

Henseler  Merc.  Oil  &  Supply  Co 15th  and  Gratiot   Sts St.  Louis 

Imperial  Oil  Co ...200  N.  Commercial  St 

International  Oil   Works   419  S.  Theresa  Ave 

Keystone  Lubricating  Co 5010  N.  Market  St 

Xorthrup  Lub.  Oil  Co 308  N.   Commercial  St 

Pierce  Oil   Corporation   National  Bank  of  Commerce  Bldg.... 

St.  Louis  Oil  Co 3000  N.  Second  St 

Victor  Lubr.   Oil   Co .4274  Easton  St 

Moberly  Oil  Co Moberly 

W.   T.   Havener  Oil  Co Lebanon' 

St.  Joseph  Oil  Co St.   Joseph. 

Purity  Oil  Co Springfield 

E.   M.   Wilhoit Springfield 

MONTANA. 

Commercial  Oil  Co Helena 

Montana  Oil  Co Helena 

Mutual  Oil   Co Great  Falls 

Northern   Oil  Co Great  Falls 

Pure  Oil  Co Great  Falls 

Independent   Oil   Co Missoula 

NEBRASKA. 

B.  &  L.  Oil  Co Fairbury 

Jonah   Brennaman    Lewellen. 

State  Oil   Co Randolph  and  25th  Sts Lincoln 

E.  A.   Bullock   Norfolk 

Norfolk  Oil  &  Chem.   Co Norfolk 

Norfolk   Independent   Oil   Co Norfolk 

Atlas  Oil  Co First  National  Bank  Bldg Omaha 

Manhattan   Oil   Co 1445  N.  llth  St 

American  Oil  Co 34th  St 

Kansas  City  Oil  &  Paint  Co 

Missouri  Valley  Oil  Co 

Nebraska  Compound  Oil  Co 

Omaha  Oil  Co 

U.  S.   Oil  Co 

L.  V.    Nicholas  Oil    Co 24th  and  Hickory  Sts , 

Xourse  Oil   Co 502  Jones  St 

Lamphere   &   Loveman    York 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Arthur  W.  Warren  Manchester 

NEW  JERSEY. 

J.   A.  Maintz  &  Co 339  N.  Mass  Ave Atlantic  City 

Pittsburg  &  Phil.   Oil  &  Ref.  Co Front  and  Mechanic  St Camden 

Hudson  Oil  &  Supply  Co 49  Hudson  St Jersey   City 

American  Oil  &  Supply  Co 52  Lafayette  St Newark 

Morden  Oil  &  Supply  Co 150  Aven  Ave 

Phoenix  Belting  &  Oil  Co 60  Polk  St > 

Standard   Lubricating   Co 35  Essex  St 

Lawler  Oil  Co 239  E.   Fifth  St Paterson 

NEW  YORK. 

Albany  Belting  &  Supply   Co , 372  Broadway   Albany 

Capital  City  Oil   Works    2  Madison  Ave Albany 

Four  Bros.  Independent  Oil  Co Tivoli  St Albany 

Orleans   County   Oil   Co Albion 

Binghamton   Oil  Refining  Co Binghamton 

Deye  Independent  Oil  Co Binghamton 

Tiona  Oil   Co Binghamton 

Acme   Oil  Works    5  Ainslee  St Brooklyn, 

Advance  Oil  Works   310   Flushing   Ave 

Nassau  Oil  Works  423  Greenpoint   Ave 

Paragon  Lubricating  Oil  Co 602  Pacific  St 

Royal   Oil   Co 275  Lexington  Ave 

Anderson    Oil    Co 608  Swan  St Buffalo^ 

Buffalo   Oil  &  Compound   Co 146  Mohican  St 

Buffalo   Specialty  Co 375  Elicott  St 

Cataract  Refining  &  Mfg.  Co 913  Mutual  Life  Bldg 

Cotton  &  Co.,  Inc '. 17%  W.  Seneca  St 

N.  B.  Fales  Lub.  Co. Prudential  Bldg 

Globe   Oil  &   Supply  Co 14  Maurice  St 

E.   E.  Harris  &  Co Maurice  St 

Hoffman  Oil  Co.    (not  inc.)    16  Elk  St 

Central   Oil    Co 55  Alabama  St 

Kendall    Refining  Co 102  Papin   Place 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States.  39* 

NEW  YORK— Continued. 

Pease   Oil    Co 80  Young  Ave Buffalo 

Sterling  Oil  Co 22  Goodrich  St 

Warren   Lubricant   Co Bllicott   Square    " 

Whipple  &  Ackerly  Oil  Co Cuba 

Cortland  Specialty  Co Cortland 

C.  B.   Wood  Oil  &  Paint   Co Evans    Mills 

Guardol  Oil  Co Ithaca 

J.  P.  Jones  &  Co Jamestown 

Little  Falls  Gasoline  &  Oil  Co Little  Falls 

W.    F.    Miller   Sons    Hancock  St Long  Island  City 

D.  W.   Fenton  &  Co Middletown 

Acheson  Oldag  Niagara  Falls- 

Tri-Products  Co Olean 

Oswego  Oil  &  Fuel  Co 1  W.  Bridge  St Oswego 

Peoples    Oil   &  Fuel    Co 200  W.  41st  St Oswego 

Union   Oil  Works    189  N.   Water  St Rochester 

Union  Lubricating  Co 37  Van  Gutsberg  Ave Schenectady 

C.  E.  Mills  Oil   Co 263  Walton   St Syracuse 

Troy  Belting  &  Supply  Co 7   Grand  St Troy 

Emmett    Lubricating   Oil    Co 14  Gettys  Square   Yonkers- 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 

Adams   Grease  &  Oil   Co 150  W.  51st  St. 

Ajax  Oil  &  Grease  Co.    (not  inc.)    170   W.    65th   St. 

American    Petroleum   Products    Co 1%  Water   St.. 

Binghamton   Oil    Co 68  New  Chambers  St. 

American  Lubricants  Co ' 

Butler    Oil    Co 

Cadillac   Oil   Co. 27  William  St. 

Callahan  Oil  Co 218  Front  St.. 

Champion   Motor  Oil    Co 125   Broad   St. 

Clarkson  &  Ford   Co 55  Water  St. 

Colonial   Oil    Co 17  Battery  Place 

Columbia  Lubricant   Co 115  Broad  St. 

Columbia  Oil  Co.  of  N.   Y 11  Williams  St. 

Adam   Cook's  Sons   708  Washington  St. 

N.   B.    Cook   Oil   Co 148  Front  St. 

Crescent    Oil    Co 50  Church  St. 

Eagle   Lubricating   Oil    Co 24  State  St. 

Fiske   Bros.    Refining   Co 24  State  St. 

General  Petroleum  Co 52  Broadway 

Elbert  &  Co 

J.    E.   Gerrodette   &    Co 17  Battery  Place 

A.   W.   Harris  &  Co ; 400  Greenwich   St. 

Harlem   Oil   Co 129   E.   113th  St, 

Geo.   A.    Haws  &  Co 142  Front   St. 

E.  F.    Houghton   &   Co 64    Dey   St. 

Hudson  Oil    Co 25  Front  St. 

Inter-Ocean  Oil   Co 90  West  St. 

Invader   Oil  Co 80  Broad  St. 

Keystone  Oil   Co 277  Broadway 

Knickerbocker  Oil  Co 220  E.  74th  St. 

N.   Y.  Lubricating  Oil  Co 116  Broad  St. 

X.   Y.   &  Brooklyn  Oil  Co 304  Broome  St. 

Non-Fluid    Oil    Co 165  Broadway 

Ocean  Oil  Co.,  Ltd 212  West  St. 

Oil    Products   Co 17   Battery  Place- 

Panhard  Oil   Co.    149  Front  St. 

Petroleum   Products  Co 60  Water   £>t. 

Platt  &  Washburn  Ref.  Co 11  Broadway 

Wm.  C.  Robinson  &  Sons   Co 213  Front  St. 

Schliemann   Oil  &  Kerosene  Co 86  Warren  St. 

Alden  &   Swan  &  Co 135  Front  St. 

Three-in-One  Oil  Co 42  Broadway 

Tiena  Oil   &  Grease   Co 395  Broadway 

Wolverine  Lubricants  Co.   of  N.   Y 70  Broad    St. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Chadwick  &  Gafain   Beaufort 

Edgecombe  Oil  Co Tarbore 

Cape  Fear  Oil  Co : Wilmington. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Bartles  Northern  Oil   Co Grand  Forks- 
Martin  &   Jacobson   Minot 

OHIO. 

Factory  Oil   Co 235  E.  Furnace  St Akron 

Eagle  Lubricant  Co Canton 

Cincinnati  Oil  Works  Co 525  Excelton  St Cincinnati 

Moore  Oil  Co York   and    McLean   Sts Cincinnati 

Acme   Grease  &  Oil  Co 1294  W.  70th  St Cleveland 

American   Petroleum  Products    Co 

Atlas  Oil   Co.    (H.    O.)    Rose   Bldg 

Brooks   Oil    Co C.  &  P.  A.  &  Erie  R.  R 

Canfield  Oil   Co 3215  E.   35th  St 

F.  G.  Clark   Co 1091  W.    llth  St 

Climax   Refining  Co Williamson  Bldg 

Clinton   Oil  Co.   .,    ...3216  E.  55th  St 


4O  Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 

OHIO— Continued. 

Columbia  Lubricants   Co 1111  Superior  St Cleveland 

Commercial  Oil   Co 8300  Holton  St 

Crescent  Oil   &  Grease    Co 2229  E.   71st  St 

Crown  Oil  Co 804  Lakeside  Ave 

Excelsior  Oil  &  Grease  Co 822  Champlain  Ave 

Globe  Oil  Co Rose  Bldg 

Great  Western  Oil   Co 2285  E.  37th  St 

Lubric   Oil   Co 1237  Marquette  Road   

Manufacturers  Oil   &  Grease   Co Century  Bldg 

National   Refining   Co Rose  Bldg 

Phoenix  Oil  Co 2553  W.  Fifth  St 

Puritan  Oil   Co 1252  W.  70th  St 

Reliance  Oil  &  Grease  Co 1521  Columbia  Road   

Superior  Oil   Co Wade  Bldg 

Sterling  Refining  Co Euclid  Ave.  and  E.  Sixth  St 

Star  Lubricating  Co 8714  Broadway   

Signet  Oil   Co 1079   W.   llth   St 

Stephens  Grease  &  Oil  Co 1252  E.  70th  St 

Tropical  Oil  Co 1252   E.   70th   St 

Universal  Lubricating   Co.    737  Schoenfield  Bldg 

Warren    Refining   Co 1137  W.   llth  St 

Zone  Oil  Co 713  Prospect  Ave.    ..; 

Central  Ohio  Oil  Co 547  W.  First  Ave Columbus 

Gerkins  Oil  Co 419  Arcade  Dayton 

Indian  Refining  Co Antioch   Dayton 

White  Star   Oil   Co Dayton 

Lake  Erie  Oil   Co .' Elyria 

Haydenville  Oil  Co Haydenville 

Independent  Oil   Co Mansfield 

Styren  Beggs  &  Co Newark 

Motor  Fuel  &   Lubricating   Co Portsmouth 

Petroleum  Supply  Co Steubenville 

Craig  Oil   Co 317  Gardener  Bldg Toledo 

Electric   Refining  Co 1313  Clinton  St 

Jefferson  Gasoline  &  Supply  Co Jefferson  St 

Paragon   Refining   Co.    (H.   O.) Front  and  W.  L.   E.  R.  R 


OKLAHOMA. 

Goodwill   Independent  Oil   Co Enid 

Lilly   Oil   Co El  Reno 

Prague   Oil    Co Prague 

Allen   Oil  Co Hinton 

Appleby  &  Son  Cherokee 

Comanche  Oil   Co Duncan 

Nance  Oil  Co Hollis 

Palacine   Oil  Co Shawnee 

Parris  Oil   Co Frederick 

Wallace   Trammell   Oil   Co Chickasha 

Oklahoma  Refining   Co.    Oklahoma  City 

A.   W.    Lee  Oil   Co Oklahoma   City 

McPheeters   Drug    Co Fort   Cobb 

Peery   Oil   Co Gushing 

Longendyke    Oil   Co Kingsfisher 

Ryan  Independent  Oil  Co Ryan 

Lake  Oil  Co Apache 

McLaughlin  Oil   Co Laverne 

Lewis  Independent  Oil  Co Blair 

Independent  Oil  Co Guymon 

R.  W.   Lewis Mt.    View 

F.  G.  Morgan  Blanchard 

W.  H.  Olmstead   Waynoka 

Smith   Oil   Co May 

Oklahoma  Oil  Co Ringling 

William   Ray    Frederick 

Wildman  &  True  '. Carnegie 

Lockhart  Oil    Co Coalgate 

Western  Oil  Station  Co Sapulpa 

Medlock  Oil  Co Grandfield 

Calvin   Brinley Garber 

Smith   Oil   Co Holdenville 

N.   A.  Graham  Okmulgee 

El  Reno  Oil  &  Supply  Co El  Reno 

OREGON. 

De  Force  Oil  Works   Astoria 

Dallas   Oil   Co. Dallas 

American   Gasoline    Co St.  Helen's  Blvd Portland 

Red   Tank    Co 207  E.  Sixth  St Portland 

Strowbridge  Paint  &  Oil  Co 106-6  Grand  St Portland 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Boosler   Oil  Co Allentown 

Forest  Oil  &  Grease  Co Clarington 

Penn  Oil   Products  Refining  Co Eldred 

Sterling  Oil  Co Emlenton 

Bayerson   Oil  Works E.  12th  &  R.  R Erie 

Bell  Oil   Co 935  W.  12th  St Erie 

Erie  Oil    Co 1510   Myrtle  St Erie 

Foco  Oil  Co Franklmv 


Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States.  41 

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued. 

Freedom   Oil   Works    Freedom 

Henry  Gilburt  &  Sons   219  Market   St Harrisburg 

.Ensign    Oil    Co Morristown 

James  B.   Berry  Sons  Co Chambers  Bldg Oil  City 

Oil  City  Oil  &  Grease  Co N.  Seneca  St 

Penn   Oil   &  Supply    Co N.   Seneca  St 

Phinney   Bros.    Co Center   St 

Ellis    &   Cummings    Ft.  Chestnut  St Reading 

R.    Pauley   248  S.  Eighth  St Reading 

Maloney  Oil  &  Mfg.   Co Scranton 

American  Oil  Co Titusville 

Lehigh  Oil   Co 314  Coal  Exchange  Bldg Wilkes  Barre 

PHILADELPHIA. 

C.  B.   Baird  Co 32nd  and  Grays  Road 

Animal  Oil  Co Ontario    and   Delaware   River 

Animal  Products  Co Trenton  Ave. 

Commercial  Lubricating  Co Meadow   and  Jackson  Sts. 

T.  G.  Cooper  &  Co 27  E.  Front  St. 

Crescent  Oil  Co 31  N.   16th   St. 

Crew  Levick  Co Land   Title   Bldg. 

Crusader   Motor  Oil  Co Drexel   Bldg. 

John  Hopkins  Oil  Co 406  Commerce  St. 

E.   E.   Houghton  &  Co 240   W.    Somerset   Ave. 

Interocean   Oil    Co 1416  S.   Penn  Square 

Keystone  Lub.  Co.    (H.   C.)    1327  Race  St. 

Penn  Lubricating-  Co Bard  Bldg. 

Pure  Oil  Co .- Lafayette  Bldg. 

Puritan    Oil    Co 628   Filbert   St. 

Wm.    C.   Robinson  Sons    104  N.  Delaware  Ave. 

Chas.   E.   Smith  &  Co 123  Arch  St. 

Sun    Company    Morris  Bldg. 

Sunlight  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co 49th  and  Grays  Ave. 

Union  Petroleum  Co .' Keystone  Bldg. 

PITTSBURGH. 

Anchor  Oil  &  Lubricating  Co Jenkins  Arcade 

Butler  Oil   Refining  Co Bessemer  Bldg. 

Canfield  Oil  Co. 620  Fourth  St. 

Crescent   Oil  Co 7  West  Canal  St. 

Duquesne  Oil   &  Supply  Co 3300  Smallman   Bldg. 

Eagle  Lubricating  Oil  Co 426  First  Ave. 

Ensign  Oil  Co Jenkins  Arcade 

Fiske   Bros.    Refining  Co Empire  Bldg. 

Gasoline  Supply  Co.   Union  Bank  Bldg. 

Gulf   Refining   Co Frick   Annex 

E.  F.  Houghton  Co Manufacturers  Bldg. 

Island   Petroleum  Co Neville   Island 

Liberty   Lubricating  Co Ellsworth  and  R.  R. 

A.    B.   Miller  Sons   Co Belt  and  North  Sts. 

Petroleum  Products  Co 37th  and  B.  &  C.  Ry. 

Riverside    Oil    Co     Benedum   Trees   Bldg. 

Robinson   Oil  Co 641  Fourth  Ave. 

Union  Grease  &  Oil  Co 827  Penn  Ave. 

Waverly  Oil  Works  Co 54th  and  A.  V.  Ry. 

Warden  &  Oxnard   800  Duquesne  Way 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Columbia  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co.   .     109  Benefit  St Pawtucket 

Perry   Oil   Co 372  Central  Ave Pawtucket 

W.  C.  Benedict  &  Co 325  Grosvenor   Bldg Providence 

A.  W.   Harris  Oil  Co 325  S.  Water  St 

Pennsylvania  Petroleum  Products   Co 48  S.  Water  St 

Providence  Lub.  Oil  Co 7  Pine  St 

E.   C.  Webb   266  Cranston  St 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Petroleum  Oil  Co Anderson 

Charleston   Climax   Oil   Co Charleston 

TENNESSEE. 

Consumers   Oil   Co 725  Broad  St Chattanooga 

Fritts  &  Wiehl  Co 619   Market  St 

South  Eastern  Oil   Co N.   End  Ave.  and  Main 

National  Refining  Co * Virginia  &  Kentucky  St Memphis 

Purity  Oil  Co 415  Monroe  St Memphis 

Cassity  Oil  &  Grease  Co Hamilton  St.  and  llth  St Nashville 

Criterion    Oil   Co 1308   Broadway   

Nashville   Refining  Co 

TEXAS. 

Bonner  Oil  Co  H.  T.  C.  R.  R.  and  Taylor Dallas 

Dallas   Oil  &   Refining  Co Chestnut  &  Santa  Fe  Sts 

Dallas    Oil    Co Chestnut  &  Santa  Fe  Sts 

Oriental   Oil  Co Jackson   and  Lane  Sts 

Prudential   Oil   Co 627  23rd  St Galveston 

The  Moran  Oil  Co Haskell 


42  Refining  Industry  of  the  United  States. 

Houston  Oil  Co Scanlun  Bldg Houston 

Lone  Star  Oil   Co 3001  McKinney  Ave Houston 

San   Antonio   Oil  Co 412  Walnut  St San  Antonio 

Alamo  Oil  &  Ref.  Co East   Second  St 

Dixie   Oil   Co 460  E.   Commerce  St 

Oriental  Oil   Co 413  Travis  St 

'Climax    Ref.    Co Waco 

UTAH. 

Ogden  Paint  Oil  &  Glass  Co Ogden 

Utah   Oil  Refining  Co 940  N.  Fourth  St Salt  Lake  City 

VERMONT. 

Monarch  Mfg.  Co Bellows   Falls 

VIRGINIA. 

National   Oil  Co Norfolk 

Consumers   Oil    Co.,    Inc South  Road   Richmond 

Independent  Oil  Co Second   and   Stockton    Sts 

National    Oil    Co Everett  and  llth  Sts 

Prudential  Oil  Co.,  Inc American   National   Bank  Bldg 

Independent  Oil  Co 511  S.  Jefferson  St Roanoke 

Paragon  Oil  &  Gasoline  Co Roanoke 

Columbian  Oil  Co Rosalyn 

WASHINGTON. 

Globe  Oil  Co » Bromorton 

Union  Oil  Co Ellenburg 

Everett   Lubricating   Co.    Everett 

American   Gasoline  Co North  Bldg Seattle 

Colonial  Oil  Co Central    Bldg 

Monogram   Oil    Co Virginia  and  R.  R.  Ave 

Olympic    Oil    Co.    ..- Pacific   Bldg 

Pacific   Lubricating   Co Pacific   Bldg 

Wadhams   Oil    Co Washington  St.  and  15th  St 

American  Gasoline  Co Riverside  and  Green  Sts Spokane 

Jones  &  Millingham  715   First   St 

Spokane  Paint  &  Oil  Co Madison  and  R.   R.  tracks 

True's   Oil    Co ' 118  Division  St 

Amercian  Gasoline  Co 1404  Center  St Tacoma 

Paragon  Oil  Co Ainsworth  and  Center  Sts Tacoma 

WEST  VIRGINA. 

A.  Lemp Beatrice 

Love  &   Brinks  &   Co Huntington 

Hershberger  Oil  &  Gas  Co Milton 

WISCONSIN. 

Yapp  Oil  Co Fon-du-Lac 

Barkhausen  Oil   Co Green   Bay 

Inter-State  Oil   Co LaCrpsse 

C.   V.    Chapman   Madison 

Bartles  Maguire   Oil   Co 134  Jefferson  St Milwaukee 

Delayen  Oil  Co 45  Third   St 

W.    D.   Halstead  Oil  Co 318  E.  Water  St 

Independent   Oil   &   Grease    291  S.  Water  St 

W.  R.  Krumer  Oil  Co 216  Reed  St 

E.   E.   Magie   Spec.    Mfg.    Co 263  Water  St 

Peters  Oil   &  Compound   Co 366  Clinton   St 

Wadhams   Oil   Co 213  National  Ave 

Independent  Oil    Co Minnesota    Jet. 

Stroud  &  Co Oshkosh 

Foster  Lockwood  Co Racine 

Northwestern  Oil  &  Grease   Co Head  of  Tower  Bldg Superior 

Wisconsin    Pennsylvania   Oil   Co Union   Grove 

Bartles  Shepherd  Oil  Co Waukesha 

O'Neil   Oil   &   Paint  Co 297  E.  Water  St Milwaukee 

Valvoline  Oil   Co Madison 

National   Refining  Co LaCrosse 

-Siebers  Oil  Co Racine 


RETURN  TO  the  circulation  desk  of  any 
University  of  California  Library 
or  to  the 

NORTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 
Bldg.  400,  Richmond  Field  Station 
University  of  California 
Richmond,  CA  94804-4698 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 
2-month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling 

(510)642-6753 
1-year  loans  may  be  recharged  by  bringing  books 

to  NRLF 
Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made  4  days 

prior  to  due  date 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 

1993 

HtOfccD 

APR  1.8 1994 

CIRCULATION  DEPT. 


